http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Special:NewPages&feed=atom&hideredirs=1&limit=50&offset=&namespace=0&username=&tagfilter=&size-mode=max&size=0OpenCircuits - New pages [en]2024-03-29T08:13:04ZFrom OpenCircuitsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Belcampo_Fernald_scandalBelcampo Fernald scandal2024-03-18T19:09:59Z<p>185.121.138.78: Created page with "Finally, celebrity scandals offer valuable insights into the world to public relations. When you're clear, proactive on social media, investing in crisis administration, and m..."</p>
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<div>Finally, celebrity scandals offer valuable insights into the world to public relations. When you're clear, proactive on social media, investing in crisis administration, and maintaining a confident public image, celebrities could navigate scandals effectively and emerge stronger upon the other side. Ultimately, understanding from these lessons can advice celebrities protect their reputations and keep to thrive as part of the limelight.Ultimately, the art of damage control is all about to be proactive, clear, and responsive once managing a scandal. By taking instant action, interacting openly with stakeholders, plus monitoring public perception, you can help shield ones reputation and weather conditions the storm of a scandal. Remember, how you deal with a crisis can make a big difference as part of whether your brand comes out stronger on that the other side.<br />
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take care to listen to feedback from customers and stakeholders, and make any necessary changes to avoid future scandals. This shows that you are willing to learn from the mistakes plus grow as a company.<br />
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<div>In conclusion, celebrity scandals offer valuable insights into the world concerning public relations. When you are clear, proactive upon social media, spending in crisis management, and maintaining a positive public image, celebrities do navigate scandals efficiently and emerge stronger in the other side. Ultimately, learning from these lessons do help celebrities protect their reputations as well as carry on to thrive inside the spotlight.<br />
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After taking responsibility, it is important to focus on going forward. This may incorporate searching therapy to counseling to operate through the emotions and guilt associated with the scandal. Surround yourself and a supportive network of family and friends plus family who can help you navigate this challenging time. Remember that forgiveness, both from others and yourself, is actually an important part of the healing up process.<br />
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Moreover, scandal has the power to spark important conversations and mobilize collective action. It can galvanize communities to come together in pursuit of justice, accountability, and reform. Through uniting powering a standard cause, we can effect meaningful alter and create a more equitable and just society for many. Embracing that the storm of scandal we can harness your vitality as well as momentum generated by controversy and channel it into positive action.<br />
Transparency means being upfront about the way decisions are made and why they have been made. This do involve sharing information with the people, being open to questions and also feedback, and admitting mistakes when that they happen. By being transparent, organizations can demonstrate that they have nothing to cover and also are willing to be held accountable for their actions.<br />
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Remember, scandals don't have to be the end of your company. Through handling these with grace and integrity, you'll actually come out stronger on your other negative. Stay true to your values, keep communication open, and continue to focus on providing value towards customers.<br />
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One way to strengthen your brand image and mitigate potential scandals looks with thought leadership. Position your self as an expert in the trade by sharing valuable insights, knowledge, and expertise at your audience. By showcasing your authority plus credibility, one do build a powerful reputation which can withstand any kind of challenges. Always create high-quality information that educates and engages your audience inside establish yourself as the best trustworthy leader in your field.<br />
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Scandal often exposes the flaws and shortcomings of individuals, organizations, and societies. It forces us to reevaluate our values, values, and behaviors. By acknowledging the darkness in ourselves plus the world around us, we are able to begin inside address and rectify the issues at hand. This process of introspection as well as self-discovery looks essential for personal growth and development.</div>185.121.138.78http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=InformationInformation2024-03-01T13:32:48Z<p>172.111.185.50: </p>
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<div><br />
<br />
Expansion buses are designed to allow people to mix-and-match peripheral devices and CPUs.<br />
<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The earliest expansion buses<br />
were more-or-less directly connected to the pins of a CPU.<br />
<br />
Some early systems had a unified "system bus"<br />
that both memory cards and peripherals plugged into,<br />
leading to "memory-mapped I/O".<br />
Typically a "system bus" is composed<br />
of the address bus, the data bus, and the control bus,<br />
and often also includes multiple pins dedicated to ground and power rails.<br />
<br />
The highly influential expansion bus of the<br />
MITS Altair 8800<br />
was apparently an afterthought;<br />
all the parts required to make<br />
a complete computer system<br />
would not be designed in time<br />
for the <br />
January 1975<br />
launch date,<br />
so the second prototype<br />
put most of the parts<br />
on removable cards<br />
intended to plug into<br />
sockets on a backplane,<br />
so only the backplane<br />
and a few cards<br />
needed to be done by the<br />
January 1975 publishing deadline,<br />
and the remaining cards<br />
could be put off until later.<br />
<br />
That first expansion bus<br />
was later named the S-100 bus<br />
and standardized as<br />
IEEE 696-1983.<br />
<br />
In retrospect the general idea of such a "modular system"<br />
with easily plugged-in parts<br />
turned out to have many other advantages<br />
* ...<br />
* reduces the temptation of "creeping featuritis", since more stuff can be added later<br />
* [FIXME]<br />
* easy repairability -- the ease of swapping out faulty cards is obvious, but less obvious is the various ways it makes it easier to figure out *which* cards are faulty.<br />
* "hackability" -- just one card can be quickly replaced with a different version, without requiring the entire system to be completely rebuilt from scratch.<br />
* ...<br />
* ...<br />
* etc.<br />
<br />
Also in retrospect,<br />
many people (with the advantage of hindsight)<br />
have figured out many ways of improving<br />
on the S-100 bus.<br />
* "S-100 signal placement: Some people ... complain about the layout of signals on the S-100 bus." -- [https://www.retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/s100bus.html "S-100 and IEEE-696 Bus"]<br />
* [https://www.retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/s_term.html "Bus theory and measurements"]<br />
* [https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/1979/07/01658813/13rRUxYrbOU "This proposed standard eliminates many of the problems in the S-100 bus and upgrades it for 16-bit microprocessors."].<br />
* [http://www.s100computers.com/ "S100Computers... vintage S-100 bus based computers"]<br />
* [https://users.glitchwrks.com/~glitch/2011/09/01/debug-board "A Debug Board for the S-100 Bus"]<br />
* [https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/s-100 "Questions tagged [s-100]"]<br />
* [https://www.kennettclassic.com/vintage-computer-hack-a-thon-an-example/ "Building an S-100 Bench Computer for Testing"]<br />
* [https://users.glitchwrks.com/~glitch/2018/07/02/reproducing-the-io2 "Reproduction S-100 Solid State Music IO-2 prototyping board"]<br />
* [https://www.pestingers.net/pdfs/other-computers/s100-bus-handbook-by-dave-bursky.pdf "The S-100 Bus Handbook"] by Dave Bursky.<br />
<br />
Gerald Anderson "Jerry" Lawson is known as the "father of the video game cartridge".<br />
That original video game cartridge<br />
on the market in 1976<br />
(like many later video game cartridges)<br />
plugged into a socket that was directly wired to the CPU system bus.<br />
<br />
Later systems generally separate high-speed stuff<br />
(the CPU, the RAM, on-board video (if any), graphics card slot (if any), and coprocessors (if any)) (the "Front-side bus") from slower speed stuff (expansion bus slots, off-board cables and ports).<br />
<br />
There are two different reasons for this separation:<br />
In low-cost microcontrollers, the cost of pins is a significant cost of the whole system,<br />
so (a) we can use a much lower-cost packaging (far fewer pins)<br />
if we don't expose the address bus or data bus outside the chip<br />
(by putting all of the program Flash and data RAM on the same chip as the CPU)<br />
(b) using a "narrower" bus to communicate with peripherals<br />
also saves a bunch of pins in those peripherals,<br />
making them cost less.<br />
In high-end systems, the CPU, video, and RAM run much faster than peripherals,<br />
so separating the busses allows the CPU to do dozens or hundreds of memory cycles<br />
while waiting for a peripheral to handle a single expansion bus cycle.<br />
<br />
== qwiic ==<br />
<br />
SparkFun's [https://www.sparkfun.com/qwiic Qwiic Connect System] uses 4-pin JST connectors.<br />
It's based on the [[I2C]] bus.<br />
<br />
== UEXT ==<br />
<br />
Universal EXTension (UEXT) is a connector layout which includes power and three serial buses:<br />
UART, I2C, and SPI separately over 10 pins in a 2x5 layout.<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEXT Wikipedia: UEXT]<br />
<br />
== grove ==<br />
<br />
== BlackNet ==<br />
<br />
Inspired by the [[1-wire]] bus,<br />
the BlackNet serial network<br />
is an example of<br />
an expansion bus<br />
with the very modern assumption<br />
that microcontrollers are so cheap<br />
that we can afford to put<br />
one or more on each and every device<br />
that plugs into the bus.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.romanblack.com/blacknet/blacknet.htm "BlackNet" serial network protocol]<br />
<br />
== RC2014 bus ==<br />
<br />
"RC2014 is a simple 8 bit Z80 based modular computer.<br />
It was designed to be simple.<br />
Simple to build, simple to understand, and simple to program."<br />
<br />
* [https://rc2014.co.uk/ "RC2014"].<br />
* [https://smallcomputercentral.com/documentation/specification-rc2014-bus/ "RC2014 bus"]<br />
* [https://rc2014.co.uk/1377/module-template/ "RC2014 Module standard bus"]<br />
* [https://groups.google.com/g/rc2014-z80 "RC2014-Z80"]<br />
* [[stripboard]] with 0.1″ header sockets: [https://rc2014.co.uk/backplanes/veroboard-back-plane/ "Back Plane-Veroboard"]<br />
* [https://smallcomputercentral.com/documentation/rc2014-bus/ "RC2014 BUS"]<br />
<br />
== Backbone Bus ==<br />
<br />
Backbone is a proposal for a backplane interconnect that supports multiple bus masters.<ref><br />
[https://hackaday.io/project/11928-backbone-bus "Backbone Bus"].<br />
</ref><br />
Samuel A. Falvo II<br />
<br />
== STEbus ==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEbus Wikipedia: STEbus]<br />
* [https://hackaday.io/project/11928-backbone-bus/log/200068-why-i-am-and-am-not-a-fan-of-stebus "Why I Am and Am Not a Fan of STEbus."].<br />
<br />
== PC104 ==<br />
<br />
The PC/104 standards<br />
defines both [[form factor]]s and computer buses<br />
allowing consumers to stack together boards from a variety of manufacturers<br />
to produce a customized embedded system.<br />
<br />
PC/104 boards are stacked on top of each other like LEGOs,<br />
unlike nearly all other expansion buses.<br />
<br />
The original PC/104 connectors<br />
are electrically the same signals as the IBM PC/AT<br />
but with a different, stacking connector.<br />
<br />
== PATA ==<br />
<br />
Parallel ATA (PATA)<br />
is also electrically the same signals as the IBM PC/AT,<br />
but with a different physical hardware -- PATA uses ribbon-cables and square header pins.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Expansion bus design considerations ==<br />
<br />
* latency (often *more* important than bandwidth)<br />
* How far apart are the ends of the bus (length)?<br />
* How many data bits to transfer per transaction (data bus width)?<br />
* how many address bits to transfer per transaction (address bus width)?<br />
* Dedicated 1 wire line for each address bit and and separate wire for each data bit (easier to test)? Or somehow multiplex 2 or more of those signals (lower cost)?<br />
* How many peripheral devices can be plugged into the bus at the same time?<br />
* How many controllers can be plugged into the bus at the same time? (A single controller and everything else are peripherals? Or multi-controller?)<br />
* Can 2 identical peripherals be plugged into the bus at the same time, and how can software distinguish them?<br />
* hot-pluggable?<br />
* fault-tolerant?<br />
* EMI/EMC<br />
* Fixed, dedicated, unshared interrupt lines from each peripheral to the CPU? Or daisy-chained interrupt line?<br />
* Fixed maximum number of peripherals per bus? Or daisy-chaining an arbitrary number of peripherals?<br />
* What's the maximum fanout of the devices that drive the bus? Early TTL-based systems used chips with a typical max fanout of around 5, so "clever" techniques were required to support more than 5 peripherals. Modern high-speed systems often use point-to-point links (fanout of 1) for speed.<br />
* Backplane? Motherboard? Stacking connectors? Ribbon cables? Something else?<br />
* Off-the-shelf connectors available from second sources?<br />
* Rugged connectors that are reliable for hundreds of plug/unplug cycles?<br />
* [[stripboard]]/Veroboard with 0.1″ header sockets?<br />
* bandwidth<br />
<br />
For many years, the bandwidth (the number of bits we can shove across the bus per second)<br />
seemed to be so important that we sacrificed many things to increase the bandwidth.<br />
But surprisingly often, new systems are specifically designed for *lower* bandwidth<br />
in order to regain some of the things that were sacrificed.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Related ==<br />
<br />
* [[Connectors]]<br />
* [[Minimig Expansion]]<br />
* [[Multi-purpose Embedded System]]<br />
* [[Relay CPU]]<br />
* [[Modules]]<br />
<br />
* [https://www.retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/bus_history.html "Microcomputer Bus history and background"] 2023 Herb Johnson.<br />
* [https://github.com/tpycio/Backplane4 "Backplane 4+1 for RCBus"]<br />
* [https://hackaday.io/project/183266-baffa-2-homebrew-microcomputer BAFFA backplane]<br />
* What expansion bus does the N8VEM home brew Z80 computer project use?<br />
* What expansion bus does the [https://hackaday.io/project/186398-hb6809-homebrew-computer "HB6809 Homebrew computer"] use?<br />
* What expansion bus does the [https://hackaday.io/project/20377-firefly "Firefly: A Z80 Retrocomputing Development System"] use?<br />
* What expansion bus does the [https://hackaday.io/project/166599-8-bit-in-style-the-pic18-computer "8-bit in style: the PIC18 computer... Base18"] use? (I see it's a 60 pin bus, including 24 address pins and 8 data pins).<br />
* "Bread-Board friendly Q-bus extended" or BBQ-bus+" used by the [https://hackaday.io/project/67369-pdpii "PDPii PDP-11 compatible motherboard"] ?<br />
* What expansion bus does the [https://hackaday.io/project/6025-skajntt "SkajNätt: An expandable computer system"] use?<br />
* [https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/mi/1984/03/04071079/13rRUx0gebd "IEEE Micro: P959 I/O Expansion Bus Proposed Standard"].</div>DavidCary