Difference between revisions of "Photoetching"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(link to related articles)
 
(72 intermediate revisions by 49 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hoostabank-mp3.html hoostabank mp3] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/incontri-seri.html incontri seri d amore] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/i-protagonisti-della.html i protagonisti della sai l ultima] [http://thecrownless.ifrance.com/il-gru-ppo-blue/index.html il gru ppo blue] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/home/index.html home] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/let-me-out-side-alone/index.html let me out side alone] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/la-riviera/index.html la riviera] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/http-venus-unive-it/index.html http venus unive it] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/if-you-come.html if you come back] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/la-morte-di-enzo.html la morte di enzo baldoni] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/la-maza/index.html la maza] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/il-rinascimento.html il rinascimento] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/jamie-cullum.html jamie cullum] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/impianti-idraulici.html impianti idraulici] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/land-rover-109/index.html land rover 109 soft top] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/honda-sh.html honda sh] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jasmin-com-mx/index.html jasmin com mx] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/joss-stonr.html joss stonr] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/liberamente.html liberamente] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/livia.html livia] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/leone-drag.html leone drag] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/high-voltage-remix/index.html high voltage remix] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/loaded-stage-1/index.html loaded stage 1] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/incontriamoci.html incontriamoci] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jack-lo-squartatore/index.html jack lo squartatore] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/immagini-riccardo-scamarcio.html immagini riccardo scamarcio] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/lap-dance-strip-tease.html lap dance strip tease roma] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/jej-czrne.html jej czrne] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/laeticia-casta.html laeticia casta] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/hino-sport-lisboa/index.html hino sport lisboa benfica] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/lisa-hall.html lisa hall] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/jonny-mcgovern.html jonny mcgovern] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/letras.html letras] [http://thecrownless.ifrance.com/isabella-baldassari/index.html isabella baldassari] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/hero-enrique/index.html hero enrique iglesias] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kejo-toshiro/index.html kejo toshiro] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/jennifer-paige-spartiti.html jennifer paige spartiti] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/les-chevalier-du.html les chevalier du ciel] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/hewja/index.html hewja] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/lavori-con-perline.html lavori con perline] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/movies-celebrita.html movies celebrita] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/loaded-saturn/index.html loaded saturn] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/la-novela-de.html la novela de pasion de gavilanes y sus] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jovanotti-piove/index.html jovanotti piove] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/lapaloma.html lapaloma] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/immagini-dell-esecuzione.html immagini dell esecuzione di enzo baldoni] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/in-bank-net.html in bank net] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/lorena-errera/index.html lorena errera] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/left-me-outside-alone/index.html left me outside alone] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/himno-uefa-champions.html himno uefa champions] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/indireu.html indireu] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jaime-hammer/index.html jaime hammer] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/irene-ferri.html irene ferri] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jeden-taki-dzie/index.html jeden taki dzie] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/letitia-casta.html letitia casta nuda] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/i-consigli-di.html i consigli di un pirla] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/lowara.html lowara] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/i-tutti-i-miei-giorni.html i tutti i miei giorni] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/la-zitella/index.html la zitella] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jannacci-l-armando/index.html jannacci l armando] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lupa-di-roma/index.html lupa di roma] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/i-m-not-giving-u.html i m not giving u up] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/la-canzone-dei-gabbiani.html la canzone dei gabbiani] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/itinerario-roma.html itinerario roma] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hopes-and-fears.html hopes and fears] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kaos-meridionalis/index.html kaos meridionalis] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lazio-calcio/index.html lazio calcio midi] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/manuale-beretta.html manuale beretta 7 65] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/itinerary-ryanair.html itinerary ryanair com] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/lima-karine/index.html lima karine] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/last-thing-of-my-mind.html last thing of my mind] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/la-morena/index.html la morena] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/key-of-tps/index.html key of tps] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/khris-y-angel.html khris y angel] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kamassu/index.html kamassu] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/kurnikova.html kurnikova] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kai-busk/index.html kai busk] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/la-maternite-et.html la maternite et le travail] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/lolloscan/index.html lolloscan] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/http-www-biologia/index.html http www biologia uniba it clbiologia] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/los-caminos-da-la/index.html los caminos da la vida vicentico] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/lou-x.html lou x] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/la-usurpadora.html la usurpadora] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/hascisc/index.html hascisc] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/l-hully-gully.html l hully gully] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/java-applet/index.html java applet] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/keane-hopes-and-fears.html keane hopes and fears] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/juliana-delfino.html juliana delfino] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lo-se/index.html lo se] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/kama-sutra.html kama sutra] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/imnrc.html imnrc] [http://carbonphoenix.ifrance.com/john-olms-foto.html john olms foto] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hai-la-testa-un.html hai la testa un po confusa] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/la-batidora-de-don-omar.html la batidora de don omar] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/lola-ponce-mp3.html lola ponce mp3] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/marcie-funebre.html marcie funebre] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/infotrafic.html infotrafic] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/historia-de/index.html historia de america antes de la conquist] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kelly-munogue/index.html kelly munogue] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/l-antiquario.html l antiquario giovanile] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lets-get-married/index.html lets get married] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/holly-wolloughby.html holly wolloughby] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/let-s-get-started.html let s get started] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/knight-rieder/index.html knight rieder] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/locorotondo.html locorotondo] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jimmorrison/index.html jimmorrison] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/goodnight/index.html goodnight] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/il-primo-furto.html il primo furto] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/inglesine-vogliose.html inglesine vogliose] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/laggio-automobili/index.html laggio automobili] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/incontri-gay-sesso.html incontri gay sesso] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/lully-bosa.html lully bosa] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/lu-cardillo-24.html lu cardillo 24 grana] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/istituti-di.html istituti di catania] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/haidichi/index.html haidichi] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/il-mago-e-la.html il mago e la strega] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/i-want-you-bad.html i want you bad] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hong-nhung-picture.html hong nhung picture] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/il-cerca-case-piombino/index.html il cerca case piombino] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/lg-u81110.html lg u81110] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/left-qutside-alone/index.html left qutside alone] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/loredana-ferro.html loredana ferro] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/heat-my-heart.html heat my heart] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/guns-an-roses/index.html guns an roses] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/lurman.html lurman] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/java-nokia/index.html java nokia] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/hippo-jamaba/index.html hippo jamaba] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/irmin.html irmin] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/into-the-west-annie.html into the west annie lennox] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/he-is-my-dj/index.html he is my dj] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kazem/index.html kazem] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/hi-fi-sae/index.html hi fi sae] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/il-calendario-sexi.html il calendario sexi di paola perego del 2] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/l-ultimo-romantico/index.html l ultimo romantico midi] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/i-primi-programmi-della.html i primi programmi della uri] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/l-esclusa-pirandello.html l esclusa pirandello riassunto] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lettera-cara-mamma/index.html lettera cara mamma] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/labuonastella/index.html labuonastella] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/la-cafetera-seca.html la cafetera seca keys] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/hilary-duff-nude/index.html hilary duff nude] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hedvika.html hedvika] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/lettura-veloce/index.html lettura veloce] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/his-constitutis/index.html his constitutis rebus nactus idoneam] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/lmagine.html lmagine] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/legge-n-432-del-19.html legge n 432 del 19 11 98] [http://starcross33.ifrance.com/laetitia-songtext/index.html laetitia songtext] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/le-tette-di-lollo/index.html le tette di lollo ferrari] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/inno-dei-bersaglieri.html inno dei bersaglieri] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kenny-g-havana/index.html kenny g havana remix] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/lettori-mp4.html lettori mp4] [http://angeljazz711.ifrance.com/i-film-di-tinto-brass.html i film di tinto brass] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/intenzioni-matrimonio.html intenzioni matrimonio] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hay-algo-en-ti-de.html hay algo en ti de zion y lenox] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/liberatoria-modulo.html liberatoria modulo] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/la-luna-ti-portera-fortuna.html la luna ti portera fortuna] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/let3.html let3] [http://eliasn5gh.ifrance.com/larice.html larice] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/hhhjhh/index.html hhhjhh] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/kelis-trickme.html kelis trickme] [http://thecrownless.ifrance.com/immagini-cobra/index.html immagini cobra] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/latinka.html latinka] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/i-believe-in-a-thing.html i believe in a thing called love] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/italmarket-com.html italmarket com] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/julietavenegas/index.html julietavenegas] [http://thecrownless.ifrance.com/il-trovatore/index.html il trovatore] [http://thecrownless.ifrance.com/i-rogers-guarda/index.html i rogers guarda] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/larenga-com/index.html larenga com] [http://pupsik1993.ifrance.com/lunezia-2004.html lunezia 2004] [http://taylors-acolyte.ifrance.com/il-sesso.html il sesso] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/i-don-t-nknow-why.html i don t nknow why] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/kaila-ewell.html kaila ewell] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/lobos.html lobos] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lo-starno-percorso/index.html lo starno percorso] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hanry-morgan-bravo.html hanry morgan bravo club] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/iscrizione-infermieri.html iscrizione infermieri in abruzzo] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/il-quotidiano-della.html il quotidiano della calabria] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/haiducii-musica/index.html haiducii musica] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/la-notte-se-ne/index.html la notte se ne va] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/hir-aj-hir-aj-go/index.html hir aj hir aj go] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/korgis-everybody-s-got/index.html korgis everybody s got to learn sometime] [http://child-ofadot.ifrance.com/immagini-loghi-di.html immagini loghi di pesca] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/hey-joe/index.html hey joe] [http://cuivenarius.ifrance.com/hit-mania-dance-champions.html hit mania dance champions 2003] [http://xxxenichkaa.ifrance.com/left-otside-alone.html left otside alone] [http://busjavka.ifrance.com/hotel-mignon-diano/index.html hotel mignon diano marina] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/l-inverno-di-antonio.html l inverno di antonio vivaldi] [http://plyuh-vios.ifrance.com/ingrosso-films-in.html ingrosso films in dvd] [http://chasingspaces.ifrance.com/hajrija-gegaj/index.html hajrija gegaj] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/la-mano-peluda/index.html la mano peluda] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kangoo-4x4/index.html kangoo 4x4] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/krypta-11/index.html krypta 11] [http://katzella.ifrance.com/hikari-no-densetsu/index.html hikari no densetsu] [http://snakeystil.ifrance.com/jane-rivombrosa/index.html jane rivombrosa] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/kings-convenience.html kings convenience] [http://risdimpuka.ifrance.com/lettere-cinese/index.html lettere cinese] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/kevin-kline.html kevin kline] [http://alexandraa80.ifrance.com/lamar-jolie-dairi/index.html lamar jolie dairi] [http://fluffy-mind.ifrance.com/katies-holmes-sexy.html katies holmes sexy] [http://listmishyk.ifrance.com/kim-sun-ir/index.html kim sun ir] [http://oddonpurpose.ifrance.com/la-salute-nello.html la salute nello sport] {{stub}}
+
Photoetching, like [[Toner Transfer]], is a popular [[techniques | PCB fabrication technique]].
  
 
== Negative Film ==
 
== Negative Film ==
Line 8: Line 8:
 
A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it.
 
A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it.
  
The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimentions.
+
The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimensions.
  
 
Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp.
 
Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp.
  
 
After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.
 
After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.
 +
 +
=== etching ===
 +
See [[Chemical Etchants]] for details.
  
 
The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating.
 
The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating.
 +
 +
=== holes ===
  
 
The components used for the design are thru-hole and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.
 
The components used for the design are thru-hole and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.
  
 +
=== populating ===
  
 
Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board.
 
Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board.

Latest revision as of 07:59, 28 January 2009

Photoetching, like Toner Transfer, is a popular PCB fabrication technique.

Negative Film[edit]

Printed Circuit Boards I start with a hand drawn schematic. The schematic is then prototyped on a breadboard (prototype board). Breadboarding provides a test platform for circuit designs. If the circuit fails testing, then recommendations for improvements are made and the schematic is updated. Once a circuit is thoroughly tested and proven reliable then the circuit is entered into a CAD package for electronic storing, editing and printing.

A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it.

The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimensions.

Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp.

After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.

etching[edit]

See Chemical Etchants for details.

The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating.

holes[edit]

The components used for the design are thru-hole and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.

populating[edit]

Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board.

The components are soldered on starting with jumper wires, resistors and working up to ICs and larger components.

External Links[edit]