Editing Integrated Circuits
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then save the changes below to finish undoing the edit.
| Latest revision | Your text | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | + | == ADC analog to digital converter == | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | There are a huge variety of ADCs available. | |
| − | + | If you need 10 bits or less of resolution, | |
| − | + | counter-intuitively, | |
| − | + | it costs less to buy an ADC plus a microcontroller on one chip | |
| − | + | than to buy a stand-alone ADC. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | If you need 10 bits or less of resolution, counter-intuitively, | ||
| − | it costs less to buy an ADC plus a microcontroller on one chip than to buy a stand-alone ADC. | ||
* ATTINY13V -- lowest-price chip I know of with at least one 10 bit ADC | * ATTINY13V -- lowest-price chip I know of with at least one 10 bit ADC | ||
| Line 32: | Line 25: | ||
* $6.50 CY8C27443 Cypress PSoC microcontroller has 4 ADC inputs (14 bits) -- but what is the sampling rate? Also has 4 DAC outputs (9 bits). | * $6.50 CY8C27443 Cypress PSoC microcontroller has 4 ADC inputs (14 bits) -- but what is the sampling rate? Also has 4 DAC outputs (9 bits). | ||
* $56 analog devices AD7716: four independent, simultaneous 22 bit ADCs. | * $56 analog devices AD7716: four independent, simultaneous 22 bit ADCs. | ||
| − | * the Maxim | + | * [http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/an_pk/885 the Maxim MAX1460 includes a 16-bit ADC, 12-bit DAC], a programmable gain amp (PGA), temp sensor, and 16-bit processor. (Alas, its program is in unchangeable ROM). |
* $16 Analog Devices AduC812: 200kHz 12-bit ADC, 12-bit DAC, and flash-based 8051 MCU core. | * $16 Analog Devices AduC812: 200kHz 12-bit ADC, 12-bit DAC, and flash-based 8051 MCU core. | ||
* $15 [http://www.maxim-ic.com/maxq7665 Maxim MAXQ7665]: 500ksps 12-Bit ADC, 12-Bit DAC, flash-based 16-bit MAXQ MCU core | * $15 [http://www.maxim-ic.com/maxq7665 Maxim MAXQ7665]: 500ksps 12-Bit ADC, 12-Bit DAC, flash-based 16-bit MAXQ MCU core | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
''I am astonished to discover that (a few) microcontrollers include 12 bit or more ADCs. Are there others? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 18:48, 28 August 2007 (PDT)'' | ''I am astonished to discover that (a few) microcontrollers include 12 bit or more ADCs. Are there others? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 18:48, 28 August 2007 (PDT)'' | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== Digital Potentiometers == | == Digital Potentiometers == | ||
| Line 53: | Line 38: | ||
* [http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SPIDigitalPot Controlling a Digital Potentiometer Using SPI] | * [http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SPIDigitalPot Controlling a Digital Potentiometer Using SPI] | ||
| + | |||
== Drivers == | == Drivers == | ||
| Line 58: | Line 44: | ||
=== Motor Drivers === | === Motor Drivers === | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
There are various types some, such as H bridges which allow a dc motor to be run either forward or reverse. Others drive stepper motors while still others drive brushless motors. Parts include: | There are various types some, such as H bridges which allow a dc motor to be run either forward or reverse. Others drive stepper motors while still others drive brushless motors. Parts include: | ||
=== Low Side Driver Arrays === | === Low Side Driver Arrays === | ||
| − | Typically these have low voltage ( 5 v ) low current inputs which switch a output circuit, on the low side, either on or off. Often 8 drivers come in a single IC, enough to drive 2 stepper motors. Parts include: ULN2803 | + | Typically these have low voltage ( 5 v ) low current inputs which switch a output circuit, on the low side, either on or off. Often 8 drivers come in a single[[Media:Example.ogg]] IC, enough to drive 2 stepper motors. Parts include: ULN2803 |
=== High Side Driver Arrays === | === High Side Driver Arrays === | ||
| Line 74: | Line 58: | ||
Parts include: | Parts include: | ||
| − | === Others | + | === Others === |
| + | |||
| + | == Microcontrollers == | ||
| + | |||
| + | See [[microcontroller]] for details. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == [[op_amp|Op Amps]] == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Op amps and instrumentation amps. | ||
| + | |||
| + | An operational amplifier is one of the most useful of linear ( not digital ) circuits. It is normally a fairly low power device ( 15 volts 10 ma or less ) that can amplify, clip, offset.... [[op amp]]s: great for amplifying weak signals from [[sensors]] to a more useful level. Also used in filters, integrators, etc. Very high gain differential amplifiers. Feedback through a resistor network is used to adjust final gain. Resistors and capacitors can be placed in the feedback path to create complex circuits such as filters. Often use it with a micro controller to “condition” signals from sensors prior to digitizing them. For example a temperature sensor may deliver 0 to 1 volt, where we want 0 to 5 volts for the PIC. The solution: a quick little op amp amplifier with a gain of 5. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Uses | ||
| + | *Amplifiers | ||
| + | *Filters | ||
| + | *Oscillator | ||
| + | *Clippers | ||
| + | *and on and on | ||
| + | |||
| + | See our main discussion at: [[op amp]] | ||
== LM35 Temperature Sensor == | == LM35 Temperature Sensor == | ||
| + | Perhaps should be at sensors? | ||
| − | + | == logic gates == | |
| − | |||
| − | == | ||
| − | Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. Any digital circuit including microprocessors can be built out of the NOT function plus AND or OR. | + | Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. Any digital circuit including microprocessors can be built out of the NOT function plus AND or OR. |
Common forms found in discrete gates: | Common forms found in discrete gates: | ||
| Line 97: | Line 99: | ||
There are hundreds of other specialized logic gates. Here we only list the ones we actually use in some Open Circuit [[Projects|Project]]: | There are hundreds of other specialized logic gates. Here we only list the ones we actually use in some Open Circuit [[Projects|Project]]: | ||
| − | * 74HC595 eight bit shift register with output latch (used for | + | * 74HC595 eight bit shift register with output latch (used for POV display) |
* Low pin count( 8 - 12 ) microcontrollers are great for logic gate replacement when high speed is not required. Athough slower, slightly more expensive, and needing to be programmed they are great for prototyping due to the extra flexibility that comes from not needing to stock lots of gate variations. | * Low pin count( 8 - 12 ) microcontrollers are great for logic gate replacement when high speed is not required. Athough slower, slightly more expensive, and needing to be programmed they are great for prototyping due to the extra flexibility that comes from not needing to stock lots of gate variations. | ||
| − | * FPGAs are flexible ICs contain a very large number of gates( thousands to millions ) that can be | + | * FPGAs are flexible ICs contain a very large number of gates( thousands to millions ) that can be arbitrarly connected together through programming in VHDL. Only available in surface mount large pin counts. It's possible to prototype processor designs with these devices. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== RF ICs/Modules == | == RF ICs/Modules == | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
RF modules allow transmission and reception of digital signals over radio. The two most common types are AM and FM( FSK ). The three major frequency bands used by unlicensed devices are 433MHz, 900MHz, and 2.4GHz. 433MHz has very limited uses by the FCC and is mostly used by garage door openers and wireless key entry systems. Many newer devices are moving to 2.4GHz due to the greater amount of room, althrough 2.4GHz is harder to use and has less range then the same power 900MHz system. | RF modules allow transmission and reception of digital signals over radio. The two most common types are AM and FM( FSK ). The three major frequency bands used by unlicensed devices are 433MHz, 900MHz, and 2.4GHz. 433MHz has very limited uses by the FCC and is mostly used by garage door openers and wireless key entry systems. Many newer devices are moving to 2.4GHz due to the greater amount of room, althrough 2.4GHz is harder to use and has less range then the same power 900MHz system. | ||
| − | A major consideration when choosing an RF IC/Module is the amount of protocol stack that the device contains. Some modules are little more then a modulator and demodulator with the | + | A major consideration when choosing an RF IC/Module is the amount of protocol stack that the device contains. Some modules are little more then a modulator and demodulator with the digial imput and output directly controlling the RF signal to serial line wire replacement modules that implement frequency hopping, pairing, error correct/detection, and retransmission of broken data. |
[http://www.linxtechnologies.com/ Linx Technologies] makes several low power RF transmitter/receiver chips. Their range is around 500' - 1000'. They are geared for one way communication only, like keyless entry systems. They also make several serial encoding chips that make the wireless communication more secure/crack proof. Their latest chip, the HS series, is based upon the SkipJack algorithm developed by the NSA. BBA broadband ampifier modules are available for boosting the signal power to 17dBm when combined with the HP-3 modules and FHSS techniques. | [http://www.linxtechnologies.com/ Linx Technologies] makes several low power RF transmitter/receiver chips. Their range is around 500' - 1000'. They are geared for one way communication only, like keyless entry systems. They also make several serial encoding chips that make the wireless communication more secure/crack proof. Their latest chip, the HS series, is based upon the SkipJack algorithm developed by the NSA. BBA broadband ampifier modules are available for boosting the signal power to 17dBm when combined with the HP-3 modules and FHSS techniques. | ||
| Line 153: | Line 126: | ||
== Voltage Regulators == | == Voltage Regulators == | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
{| | {| | ||
! colspan="2" align="left"| Linear Regulators | ! colspan="2" align="left"| Linear Regulators | ||
| Line 181: | Line 151: | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | See | + | See [[switching regulator]]. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | == 555 Tiimer == | |
