Difference between revisions of "Atomic microscope"

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Whatever happened to the homebrew Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) project?
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An '''atomic microscope''' or '''scanning tunneling microscope''' is, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope according to Wikipedia], is a powerful instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. The STM can be used not only in ultra high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius. The STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states of the sample. Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form.
''I don't know. I guess I will try to re-create the project here.''
 
  
Open-hardware plans for an atomic-resolution scanning microscope.
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Basic parts needed for an STM include:
  
Juergen Mueller has some detailed plans.
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* a computer
http://www.e-basteln.de/
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* a digital-to-analog interface
 
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* analog-to-high-voltage analog amplifiers
Parts needed for an STM:
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* piezo tube ''(are there any other alternatives for atomic-resolution positioning?)''
* computer
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** [[piezoelectric transducer | piezo disk]], modified to independently control 4 sectors: [http://openwetware.org/images/6/6e/GEM4_teachAFM.pdf], [http://www.media.mit.edu/nanoscale/courses/AFMsite/positioning.html], [http://scripts.mit.edu/~20.309/wiki/index.php?title=Lab_Manual:Atomic_Force_Microscopy_%28AFM%29], [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biological-engineering/20-309-biological-engineering-ii-instrumentation-and-measurement-fall-2006/labs/module2.pdf], [http://www.geocities.com/spm_stm/disk_scanner.html] and [http://www.geocities.com/spm_stm/Disk_Scanner_Exp.html], [http://jessdea.wordpress.com/2010/05/18/assignment-7-diy-build-your-own-scanning-tunneling-microscope/], etc.
* computer-to-analog interface
 
* analog to high-voltage analog amplifiers
 
* piezo tube (are there any other alternatives for atomic-resolution positioning?)
 
 
* mounting hardware
 
* mounting hardware
 
* vibration isolation hardware (cases, rubber feet, bungee cords, etc.)
 
* vibration isolation hardware (cases, rubber feet, bungee cords, etc.)
* tips (there seem to be a wide variety of prices)
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* tips (''there seem to be a wide variety of prices'')
* ... what am I missing ? ...
 
  
What's the total cost?
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==Plans==
  
I've heard that some people run their STMs "in solution", the tip of the probe scanning the bottom of a dish of water. So, contrary to popular belief, you do *not* need a vacuum chamber.
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* Engin Ipek and Sunarni Maulan have posted schematics, source code, etc. for their 2002 [http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/ scanning tunneling microscope project] (via [http://atmega32-avr.com/pc-controlled-scanning-tunneling-microscope-using-atmega163/ "PC-controlled scanning tunneling microscope using ATMega163"]).
Some can run successfully in air, too.
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*Juergen Mueller provides detailed [http://www.e-basteln.de/index_o.htm plans] and [http://www.e-basteln.de/stm.pdf schematics] (PDF) on his website.
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*The University of Münster's Physics Group provideds detailed [http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/stm-en/ construction plans] and [http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/stm%2Den/SCHUL-STM8.sch schematics] (Eagle)
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*A Swiss [http://www.stm-diy.ch/ high school STM project]. Provides overview, processes and [http://www.stm-diy.ch/downloads.html basic schematics] (PDF).
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*A low-cost (+/- $100) [http://www.geocities.com/spm_stm/Project.html STM project]. Good focus on the [http://www.geocities.com/spm_stm/Mechanical_discription.html mechanical portions] of the STM, but also with [http://www.geocities.com/spm_stm/Schematic_Print.html basic schematics] (PDF).
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* An [http://www.angelfire.com/electronic2/spm/ amateur STM]. Provides homebrew software.
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* Nava Whiteford. [http://hackaday.com/2015/09/30/teeny-tiny-very-small-atomic-resolution-and-the-home-hobbyist/ "Teeny tiny very small - atomic resolution and the home hobbyist"].
  
''... help fill in the details ...''
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== Software ==
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* [http://gwyddion.net/ Gwyddion] is a modular program for SPM (scanning probe microscopy, of which STM is a subset) data visualization and analysis and is primarily intended for analysis of height fields obtained by means of SPM techniques (such as STM). FOSS/GPL.
  
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* GXSM - the [http://gxsm.sourceforge.net/ Gnome X Scanning Microscopy project]. The GXSM software is a powerful graphical interface for any kind of 2D and up to 4D (timed and multilayered 2D mode) data acquisition methods, but especially designed for SPM. It includes methods for 2D data (of various types: byte, short, long, double) visualization and manipulation. FOSS/GPL
  
== software ==
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* SPIP - [http://www.imagemet.com/index.php?main=products Scanning Probe Image Processor] software package for nano- and microscale image processing. Supports multiple formats including STM instrumentation. Commercial/free trial.
  
* Gwyddion ( http://gwyddion.net/ ) is a modular program for SPM (scanning probe microscopy) data visualization and analysis. Gwyddion is intended for analysis of height fields obtained by means of scanning probe microscopy techniques (AFM, MFM, STM, SNOM/NSOM), but generally it can be used for any other height field and image analysis. GPL.
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== Further Reading ==
 
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* University of Erlangen [http://www.fkp.uni-erlangen.de/methoden/stmtutor/stmindex.html technical STM theory].
* GXSM is the Gnome X Scanning Microscopy project ( http://gxsm.sourceforge.net/ ) ... hardware support for DSP cards including open source DSP software and a growing set of SPM related electronics... also provides generic multidimensional image and data movie processing. [http://gxsm.sourceforge.net/gxsm2-DarwinMaxOSX-screenshot.jpg GXSM screenshot].
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* [http://hardware.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/01/03/0239230 Slashdot thread] on building your own STM.
 
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* [http://heybryan.org/instrumentation/instru.html#binnig "Bryan's analytical instrumentation page"] has a bunch of literature and web links related to STM.
== further reading ==
 
 
 
* [http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de Detailed plans for a STM from Universität Münster]
 
* [http://scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/ The Science of Spectroscopy wiki has some information on atomic force microscopes]
 
 
* Wikibooks has [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Scanning_probe_microscopy a chapter on Scanning probe microscopy]
 
* Wikibooks has [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nanotechnology/Scanning_probe_microscopy a chapter on Scanning probe microscopy]
 
* Wikipedia has a nice introduction to various forms of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy Wikipedia: Scanning probe microscopy] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope Wikipedia: Scanning tunneling microscope], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_force_microscope Wikipedia: Electrostatic force microscope], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nanoscope Wikipedia: Atomic nanoscope] etc.
 
* Wikipedia has a nice introduction to various forms of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy Wikipedia: Scanning probe microscopy] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope Wikipedia: Scanning tunneling microscope], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_force_microscope Wikipedia: Electrostatic force microscope], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nanoscope Wikipedia: Atomic nanoscope] etc.
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**  5. Sears et al., "A Scanning Tunneling Microscope for Undergraduate Laboratories", Computers in Physics Jul/Aug, 427-430, (1990)
 
**  5. Sears et al., "A Scanning Tunneling Microscope for Undergraduate Laboratories", Computers in Physics Jul/Aug, 427-430, (1990)
 
* [http://www.ibm.com/search/?en=utf&v=11&lang=en&cc=&lv=w&q=%2Bmicroscope%20%2Burl.all:research.ibm.com IBM research] has published many articles about microscope design, including the above Pohl article.
 
* [http://www.ibm.com/search/?en=utf&v=11&lang=en&cc=&lv=w&q=%2Bmicroscope%20%2Burl.all:research.ibm.com IBM research] has published many articles about microscope design, including the above Pohl article.
* [http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/stm-de/ Das Rastertunnelmikroskop]
 
* [http://www.stm-diy.ch/ "Scanning Tunneling Microscope - Do It Yourself"]
 
 
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080106164837/http://www.biophysik.physik.uni-muenchen.de/PlasticAFM/ "How to build a Plastic-AFM head"]: The performance of this instrument has been investigated in a paper (Kühner 2007)
 
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080106164837/http://www.biophysik.physik.uni-muenchen.de/PlasticAFM/ "How to build a Plastic-AFM head"]: The performance of this instrument has been investigated in a paper (Kühner 2007)
 
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* Ferdinand Kühner, Robert A. Lugmaier, Steffen Mihatsch, and Hermann E. Gaub, "Print your atomic force microscope", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 075105 (2007).  
Ferdinand Kühner, Robert A. Lugmaier, Steffen Mihatsch, and Hermann E. Gaub,
 
"Print your atomic force microscope",
 
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 075105 (2007).  
 
 
 
 
* [http://www.google.com/custom?domains=makezine.com&sitesearch=makezine.com&q=scanning+tunneling+microscope Makezine: scanning tunneling microscope] mentions
 
* [http://www.google.com/custom?domains=makezine.com&sitesearch=makezine.com&q=scanning+tunneling+microscope Makezine: scanning tunneling microscope] mentions
** [http://www.geocities.com/spm_stm/Project.html Simple STM Project] uses an extremely low cost piezo element ($1.80) compared to the $200+ piezo tube used in other STMs.
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* [http://www.carbondesigninnovations.com/ Carbon Design Innovations] sells carbon nanotube probes for atomic microscopes.
 
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* [http://openwetware.org/wiki/DIYbio/FAQ/Equipment#How_can_I_make_an_atomic_force_microscope_.28AFM.29.3F Open Wetware: "How can I make an atomic force microscope (AFM)?"]
 
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* [https://sites.google.com/site/afocuscorp/piezo-stage "AFM Piezo Stage Design"]
== Related projects ==
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* [lns.epfl.ch/publications/papers/1996_Gasser_RSI.pdf "Design of a ''beetle-type'' atomic force microscope"]
 
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* [http://sxm4.uni-muenster.de/stm-en/ "scanning tunneling microscope construction kit"]
* Is anyone working on an open-hardware [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_field_NMR Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR)]? That is a completely different way of making atomic-resolution measurements of (sufficient quantities of) some molecule.
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* Rene Pascal. [http://www.beugungsbild.de/stm/stm_colorimages.html "Color-Images with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope"].
* Is it possible to reprogram a [[Projects#RepRap | RepRap ]] to build an atomic microscope?
 
  
  
 
[[Category:Projects]]
 
[[Category:Projects]]

Revision as of 11:48, 2 November 2015

An atomic microscope or scanning tunneling microscope is, according to Wikipedia, is a powerful instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. The STM can be used not only in ultra high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius. The STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states of the sample. Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form.

Basic parts needed for an STM include:

  • a computer
  • a digital-to-analog interface
  • analog-to-high-voltage analog amplifiers
  • piezo tube (are there any other alternatives for atomic-resolution positioning?)
  • mounting hardware
  • vibration isolation hardware (cases, rubber feet, bungee cords, etc.)
  • tips (there seem to be a wide variety of prices)

Plans

Software

  • Gwyddion is a modular program for SPM (scanning probe microscopy, of which STM is a subset) data visualization and analysis and is primarily intended for analysis of height fields obtained by means of SPM techniques (such as STM). FOSS/GPL.
  • GXSM - the Gnome X Scanning Microscopy project. The GXSM software is a powerful graphical interface for any kind of 2D and up to 4D (timed and multilayered 2D mode) data acquisition methods, but especially designed for SPM. It includes methods for 2D data (of various types: byte, short, long, double) visualization and manipulation. FOSS/GPL
  • SPIP - Scanning Probe Image Processor software package for nano- and microscale image processing. Supports multiple formats including STM instrumentation. Commercial/free trial.

Further Reading