Sensors

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Accelerometers, Gyroscopes, Temperature Sensors, Pressure Sensors, ...


Accelerometer

These measure ( gasp ) acceleration. May be caused by gravity or the second derivative of position ( relative to an inertial frame ). Since acceleration is a vector to go the whole distace you need a 3 axis sensor, but often 1 or 2 D will do. Often the output is a voltage(s). Feed it to a microcontroller with an a to d converter, perhaps through an operational amplifier. Op amp

Gas sensor


Knock Sensor

Magnetic Field Sensor

Photo Diode/Transistor


Rotary Encoder

Temperature Sensor

some are analog some use microcontroller interfaces LM34, LM35

Further Reading