Techniques

Circuit board techniques

Toner transfer, Press-and-Peel(tm), photoresist, Sharpie, nail polish.

How to dispose of etchant.

Commercial PCB fabrication.

BatchPCB, by SparkFun -- Our hosts! $2.50 / square inch, must use your own software to generate Gerber files. Easy-to-use web ordering interface, but slow turnaround time -- 10-20 days. Boards come out very nice -- precut, double-sided with silk screen and solder mask on both sides
Olimex Bulgarian PCB manufacturer - $33 for a 6.3" by 3.9" board. I.E. cheaper than BatchPCB, but with a minimum board size requirement, silkscreen on one side only, and a more complicated ordering process.
PCB123 Offers their own free (proprietary) schematic and PCB layout software -- easy to use, but you are locked into using their service. Integration with ordering system simplifies the process of ordering boards. Cost (?)

"solderless breadboard" is the fastest construction technique ... but it is very fragile.

Dead bug style. Manhattan style. Veroboard. Perfboard and point-to-point. Solderless protoboard.

traditional perfboards with holes on a 0.1" grid (2.54 mm grid) come in 3 styles:

just holes in insulator
little donuts of copper around each hole, usually plated-through (See this robot controller for an example)
solid sheets of copper, usually with a little donut gap around each hole.

The best one to use is ...

With these perfboards, there's 2 ways to connect wires so they don't fall off:

How to use a soldering iron. What is flux for?

Hot air soldering. Huh?

Hobby replacements for commercial reflow: skillet soldering, toaster-oven soldering, soldering using an oil lamp or candle.

How to fix mistakes: solder braid, solder sucker.

How to deal with fine pitch SMT devices.

How to deal with big, heatsucking components.

How to get started with a multimeter

How to use an oscilloscope: Tektronix's guide