Difference between revisions of "Oscillator"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Spam Revert)
Line 1: Line 1:
[http://milano.rigour.info/testi-di.htm testi di canzoni it] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/idropulitrice-professionale.htm idropulitrice professionale 150] [http://online.rigour.info/www-laura/ www laura engel it] [http://uve.rigour.info/blog/strumenti-chirurgici.htm strumenti chirurgici ivg] [http://content.rigour.info/html/polar-t/ polar t-31] [http://milano.rigour.info/miazzina.htm miazzina] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/palmare-fujitsu.htm palmare fujitsu siemens] [http://web.rigour.info/behead-kim/ behead kim sun] [http://paga.rigour.info/andrews-virginia/ andrews virginia libri] [http://paga.rigour.info/travan-tr/ travan tr5] [http://online.rigour.info/pornio-video/ pornio video] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/omnia.htm omnia] [http://content.rigour.info/html/vacanza-affitto/ vacanza affitto como] [http://pagina.rigour.info/inside-jupiter/ inside jupiter] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/dragostea-den.htm dragostea den tea] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/haiduci-gabry/ haiduci gabry ponte] [http://pagina.rigour.info/el-mundo/ el mundo de rastafari] [http://all.rigour.info/raz-dwa/ raz dwa trzy] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/jassica-biel.htm jassica biel] [http://speed.rigour.info/charlotte-gallery.htm charlotte gallery] [http://pagina.rigour.info/f-leali/ f leali] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/logorrea.htm logorrea] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/traduttore-spagnolo.htm traduttore spagnolo] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/microsoft-office.htm microsoft office per xp] [http://milano.rigour.info/batajsk.htm batajsk] [http://web.rigour.info/peg-perego/ peg perego modular system pliko] [http://web.rigour.info/erotc/ erotc] [http://online.rigour.info/pocket-kingdom/ pocket kingdom] [http://content.rigour.info/html/jvc-ths/ jvc th-s1] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/sanyo-home/ sanyo home theatre] [http://dir.rigour.info/de-noche/ de noche en la ciudad] [http://load.rigour.info/view/new/piron-armand.htm piron, armand j.] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/ruocco.htm ruocco] [http://milano.rigour.info/eric-prytz.htm eric prytz call on me] [http://online.rigour.info/umberto-poli/ umberto poli] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/minghi-mietta/ minghi mietta] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/software-dj/ software dj] [http://paga.rigour.info/black-pearl/ black pearl jam] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/la-vergine.htm la vergine sotto il tetto] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/nicholas-e/ nicholas e berg] [http://milano.rigour.info/nidi-darac.htm nidi darac] [http://web.rigour.info/antivirus-panda/ antivirus panda titanium 2006] [http://paga.rigour.info/kyosho-caliber/ kyosho caliber] [http://online.rigour.info/hard-disk/ hard disk mini] [http://web.rigour.info/freakys/ freakys] [http://paga.rigour.info/helico/ helico] [http://paga.rigour.info/sharik/ sharik] [http://milano.rigour.info/sting-feat.htm sting feat cray david] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/nicoletti.htm nicoletti] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/serie-.htm serie 7 bmw] [http://all.rigour.info/ups-e/ ups e pdu] [http://web.rigour.info/www-tigre/ www tigre it] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/grottammare.htm grottammare] [http://content.rigour.info/html/www-nellyville/ www nellyville com] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/resultados-de.htm resultados de comipems] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/hp/ hp 1150] [http://load.rigour.info/view/new/valentino-azzurro.htm valentino azzurro] [http://web.rigour.info/fujifilm-finepix/ fujifilm finepix f610] [http://dir.rigour.info/decrypter/ decrypter] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/sammichele-ba/ sammichele ba] [http://milano.rigour.info/kamsutra.htm kamsutra] [http://content.rigour.info/html/toe-rings/ toe rings] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/e-la.htm e la notte se ne va] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/nova-art/ nova art explosion] [http://web.rigour.info/goldsmith-oliver/ goldsmith, oliver] [http://load.rigour.info/view/new/programmi-per.htm programmi per funcard] [http://paga.rigour.info/answer/ answer] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/epson-n.htm epson n1200] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/il-pianeta/ il pianeta vivente i mari d erba] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/pereyra/ pereyra] [http://content.rigour.info/html/sony-vgn/ sony vgn s4hp] [http://speed.rigour.info/volvo.htm volvo 2 3] [http://pagina.rigour.info/divani-letto/ divani letto] [http://milano.rigour.info/ted-bundy.htm ted bundy] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/hp-cae/ hp c4844ae] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/pettenati.htm pettenati] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/case-per.htm case per hard disk esterno] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/les-deux.htm les deux alpes] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/video-boulevard.htm video boulevard of broken dreams] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/ww-virginio/ ww virginio it] [http://pagina.rigour.info/poster-vendita/ poster vendita] [http://milano.rigour.info/stampante-multifunzione.htm stampante multifunzione copiatrice] [http://web.rigour.info/pagine-bianche/ pagine bianche avellino] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/consulenza-internet/ consulenza internet marketing] [http://online.rigour.info/tommi-v/ tommi v la serenissima] [http://all.rigour.info/normas-del/ normas del imss para proyecto arq] [http://all.rigour.info/moderntalking/ moderntalking] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/ospedale-vicenza/ ospedale vicenza] [http://milano.rigour.info/dmc-panasonic.htm dmc panasonic] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/scarpe-da.htm scarpe da mare e barca] [http://content.rigour.info/html/dat-/ dat 40 external tape drive hp] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/immagini-rottweiller/ immagini rottweiller] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/flinta/ flinta] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/delta-fox/ delta fox] [http://online.rigour.info/la-cumbia/ la cumbia de los trapos] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/nude-fight.htm nude fight] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/porno-alte.htm porno alte prestazioni] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/oktoberfest-.htm oktoberfest 2004 monaco] [http://dir.rigour.info/gioia-e/ gioia e rivoluzione] [http://pagina.rigour.info/pane-e/ pane e sale] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/looney-tunes.htm looney tunes - back in action] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/nvidia-geforce.htm nvidia geforce 6600 256mb] [http://online.rigour.info/istituto-salvemini/ istituto salvemini] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/sicurezza-baby.htm sicurezza baby porte] [http://milano.rigour.info/dexther.htm dexther] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/sloth.htm sloth] [http://paga.rigour.info/spartito-di/ spartito di adesso tu] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/gabriella-labate.htm gabriella labate] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/rivendite-animali/ rivendite animali provincia di arezzo] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/digital-camera.htm digital camera sony dsc] [http://speed.rigour.info/registratore-mini.htm registratore mini disc portatile] [http://pagina.rigour.info/fotografie-erotiche/ fotografie erotiche] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/mellin-latte.htm mellin latte in polvere] [http://paga.rigour.info/dafa/ dafa] [http://web.rigour.info/vicario-comunication/ vicario comunication] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/orologio-citizen.htm orologio citizen] [http://dir.rigour.info/google-nel/ google nel web] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/locandine/ locandine] [http://uve.rigour.info/blog/porno-sexso.htm porno sexso] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/non-aprite.htm non aprite quella porta 3] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/amarsi-e/ amarsi e l immenso] [http://content.rigour.info/html/giochi-biliardo/ giochi biliardo] [http://pagina.rigour.info/anitra/ anitra] [http://dir.rigour.info/fac-simile/ fac simile di ricorso al garante privacy] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/auto-usate/ auto usate catania] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/hotel-classic/ hotel classic lido di savio] [http://online.rigour.info/spanish-speaking/ spanish speaking countrys] [http://milano.rigour.info/ior.htm ior] [http://web.rigour.info/log-di/ log di attivazione] [http://web.rigour.info/handel-suite/ handel suite n11] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/tania-cagnotto.htm tania cagnotto fot] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/scs.htm scs 200 5] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/chitarre-semiacustiche/ chitarre semiacustiche] [http://milano.rigour.info/dreamsonweb-net.htm dreamsonweb net] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/d-canon.htm d30 canon] [http://online.rigour.info/ryanair-voli/ ryanair voli aerei] [http://dir.rigour.info/al-green/ al green. gospel according to al green] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/nikon-w.htm nikon 100w] [http://web.rigour.info/opel-corsa/ opel corsa 1994] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/fujifilm-z/ fujifilm z1] [http://milano.rigour.info/orari-treni.htm orari treni sncf] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/foto-attrici.htm foto attrici nude] [http://web.rigour.info/www-escord/ www escord cz] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/tantrico.htm tantrico] [http://milano.rigour.info/leccarti.htm leccarti] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/tv-sony/ tv sony televisori al plasma] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/foto-gay/ foto gay x gay] [http://note.rigour.info/content/view/www-newark.htm www newark com] [http://load.rigour.info/view/new/holli-marie.htm holli marie combs] [http://all.rigour.info/teac-mp/ teac mp 200 256 mb] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/vuelve.htm vuelve] [http://online.rigour.info/www-xplus/ www xplus tv] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/accessori-passeggino/ accessori passeggino] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/auto-polo/ auto polo anno 2002] [http://web.rigour.info/canon-obiettivi/ canon obiettivi reflex zoom] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/she-s.htm she s so high] [http://web.rigour.info/vitaminic-srl/ vitaminic srl] [http://dir.rigour.info/manuali-acces/ manuali acces] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/tecnologie-educative.htm tecnologie educative] [http://uve.rigour.info/blog/mp-breath.htm mp3 breath easy] [http://dir.rigour.info/morbida-vanessa/ morbida vanessa] [http://pagina.rigour.info/agevolazioni-per/ agevolazioni per rientro emigrati] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/stripoker.htm stripoker] [http://online.rigour.info/jennefer-love/ jennefer love hewit] [http://uve.rigour.info/blog/poppa.htm poppa] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/pc-/ pc133 256 memoria ram] [http://web.rigour.info/pillola-anticoncezionale/ pillola anticoncezionale] [http://all.rigour.info/comandante-che/ comandante che guevara mp3] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/renata-vigano/ renata vigano] [http://dir.rigour.info/www-webank/ www webank it] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/over-the.htm over the raimbow download] [http://pagina.rigour.info/oakley-a/ oakley a frame black] [http://it.rigour.info/topic/nintendo-gameboy/ nintendo gameboy advance] [http://pagina.rigour.info/zucconi-vittorio/ zucconi vittorio] [http://milano.rigour.info/hp-ca.htm hp c6657a] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/acer-navigatore.htm acer navigatore] [http://pagina.rigour.info/concorsi-per/ concorsi per call center] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/ati-.htm ati 9800 pro 128 mb agp] [http://gratis.rigour.info/content/view/mo-vol.htm m2o vol5] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/lg-lcd/ lg lcd 19 flatron] [http://paga.rigour.info/appendici-carrelli/ appendici carrelli] [http://online.rigour.info/hp-all/ hp all in one 1610] [http://online.rigour.info/felicita-albano/ felicita albano e romina power] [http://uve.rigour.info/blog/prima-station.htm prima station wagon] [http://online.rigour.info/stampanti-c/ stampanti c86] [http://down.rigour.info/blog/crno-i.htm crno i zlatno] [http://guest.rigour.info/library/html/fiori-di/ fiori di bach come sceglierli] [http://online.rigour.info/civitanova-marche/ civitanova marche ristorante la staffa] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/monitor-per/ monitor per pc] [http://dir.rigour.info/pime-milano/ pime milano] [http://here.rigour.info/blog/sony-lettore.htm sony lettore dvd divx portatile] [http://online.rigour.info/configurazione-wap/ configurazione wap] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/www-samsung.htm www samsung hi fi com] [http://online.rigour.info/lollipop-you/ lollipop you] [http://blog.rigour.info/web/caricatore-cd/ caricatore cd clarion] [http://all.rigour.info/incontrare-donna/ incontrare donna russa] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/michel-iett.htm michel iett] [http://dir.rigour.info/www-telemarket/ www telemarket it] [http://italy.rigour.info/blog/grandpa.htm grandpa] [http://up.rigour.info/description/lib/albergo-economico.htm albergo economico avignone] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
+
The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
  
 
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a crystal made of silicon, sealed in a metal can.
 
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a crystal made of silicon, sealed in a metal can.

Revision as of 07:37, 23 August 2007

The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.

Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a crystal made of silicon, sealed in a metal can. (Some very-low-cost devices might use a "resonator" or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator". (An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator". An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

One can buy an "oscillator" in a metal can. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

Other times one buys just the crystal in a (2-pin) metal can and attaches the other components to build an oscillator.

In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the metal can.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar) that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal. (Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit). An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU). CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

for further reading