Difference between revisions of "Chemical Etchants"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Protected "Chemical Etchants": spam magnet [edit=sysop:move=sysop] (expires 14:33, 5 October 2007 (UTC)))
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{stub}}
+
[http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/maureen-ohara/ maureen ohara] [http://loprenat.ifrance.com/resources/in-tuttti.htm in tuttti i miei giorni] [http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/barry/ barry] [http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/braga/ braga] [http://oiyaoif.ifrance.com/data/federica-villani.htm federica villani] [http://loprenat.ifrance.com/resources/sulle-orme.htm sulle orme di bruce lee] [http://taylorsaacolyte.ifrance.com/small/hoops.htm hoops] [http://monsfenior.ifrance.com/Cristiano-ronaldo1.htm cristiano ronaldo] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/mercedes-ml3.htm mercedes ml 55] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/fiat-bravo1.htm fiat bravo 1 2] [http://taylorsaacolyte.ifrance.com/small/un-trailer1.htm un trailer e un sito pieni di fear] [http://Love03a86.ifrance.com/qatar-airline/ qatar airline] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/poesie-e/ poesie e frasi di pablo neruda] [http://igarosa.ifrance.com/description/troie-orientali.htm troie orientali] [http://igarosa.ifrance.com/description/outlive.htm outlive] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/intwine/ intwine] [http://igarosa.ifrance.com/description/mp-lettori.htm mp3 lettori sd] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/la-canalis/ la canalis] [http://moneayshaker.ifrance.com/styles/la-morte6.htm la morte scorre sul fiume] [http://loprenat.ifrance.com/resources/pedro.htm pedro] [http://finkyhojo.ifrance.com/description/yptz-gb/ ypt7z 1gb] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/jon-cena.htm jon cena] [http://igarosa.ifrance.com/description/crediveneto.htm crediveneto] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/el-ma/ el ma aero] [http://furgyta.ifrance.com/styles/disney-com/ disney com] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/onore-di.htm onore di fantino] [http://taylorsaacolyte.ifrance.com/small/puffa.htm puffa] [http://avaharuka.ifrance.com/view/testo-spagnolo/ testo spagnolo] [http://finkyhojo.ifrance.com/description/gps-bluetooth3/ gps bluetooth tom] [http://taylorsaacolyte.ifrance.com/small/epson-cx1.htm epson cx multifunzione] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/finanziamento-pontedera/ finanziamento pontedera] [http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/civitavecchia-annunci/ civitavecchia annunci] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/philips-lettore/ philips lettore combi dvd vcr hifi] [http://popknaacks.ifrance.com/description/tato-pe/ tato pe canta] [http://oiyaoif.ifrance.com/data/player-dvd.htm player dvd] [http://taylorsaacolyte.ifrance.com/small/bahco.htm bahco] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/sexpatatina/ sexpatatina] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/decor-gesso.htm decor gesso] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/video-sharon/ video sharon stone] [http://finkyhojo.ifrance.com/description/albergo-riviera1/ albergo riviera adriatica] [http://Love03a86.ifrance.com/mercedes-ml1/ mercedes ml320] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/cover-dvd/ cover dvd ps2] [http://alexloak.ifrance.com/data/scopa-elettrica3/ scopa elettrica aeg] [http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/decapitazione-in/ decapitazione in video] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/acd-system/ acd system] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/diazometano/ diazometano] [http://finkyhojo.ifrance.com/description/battiti-lenti/ battiti lenti de cuore da 10 anni] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/guerra-navale/ guerra navale] [http://loprenat.ifrance.com/resources/robotti-sas.htm robotti sas] [http://suhanfili.ifrance.com/blog/biglietto-di1.htm biglietto di augurio compleanno da stampare] [http://Love03a86.ifrance.com/fly-girls/ fly girls] [http://moneayshaker.ifrance.com/styles/file-seca1.htm file seca] [http://monsfenior.ifrance.com/the-sum.htm the sum of all fears] [http://konchitfta.ifrance.com/resources/grose-francis.htm grose francis] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/tunnig/ tunnig] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/produzione-materie/ produzione materie pla] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/ljubav/ ljubav] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/il-prigioniero1/ il prigioniero di me stesso] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/la-droga/ la droga] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/capello-moda/ capello moda] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/kvm-switch/ kvm switch 4 porte usb] [http://avaharuka.ifrance.com/view/shell/ shell] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/plextor-pxuf.htm plextor px716uf] [http://moneayshaker.ifrance.com/styles/vida-tv.htm vida tv tv] [http://suhanfili.ifrance.com/blog/lcd-hd.htm lcd hd ready sony] [http://mangart.ifrance.com/new/left-alone/ left alone] [http://popknaacks.ifrance.com/description/scaloppine/ scaloppine] [http://oiyaoif.ifrance.com/data/don-mclean.htm don mclean] [http://mangart.ifrance.com/new/ringtones-vi/ ringtones v60i] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/engish/ engish] [http://igarosa.ifrance.com/description/programma-musica.htm programma musica] [http://udaltsova.ifrance.com/data/siempre-te/ siempre te amare whitney houston] [http://monsfenior.ifrance.com/mazda-3.htm mazda 6 km0] [http://popknaacks.ifrance.com/description/i-always/ i always get what i want avril lavigne] [http://oiyaoif.ifrance.com/data/teen-ashley.htm teen ashley gallery] [http://igarosa.ifrance.com/description/alkaid.htm alkaid] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/grop-circle/ grop circle] [http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/campeggio-holiday/ campeggio holiday a porto sant elpidio] [http://Love03a86.ifrance.com/lettore-dvd6/ lettore dvd player hitachi da tavolo] [http://avaharuka.ifrance.com/view/stampo-per/ stampo per ravioli] [http://alexloak.ifrance.com/data/gioco-gratis/ gioco gratis scaricare computer] [http://monsfenior.ifrance.com/katy-rose.htm katy rose overdrive] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/siemens-gigaset5.htm siemens gigaset dect] [http://suhanfili.ifrance.com/blog/hotel-canaletto.htm hotel canaletto venezia] [http://furgyta.ifrance.com/styles/ottima/ ottima] [http://Love03a86.ifrance.com/agriturismo-vittorio/ agriturismo vittorio veneto] [http://monsfenior.ifrance.com/beales.htm beales] [http://sweetpikachu.ifrance.com/lib/medio.htm medio] [http://dlinea.ifrance.com/lib/stampanti-brother2.htm stampanti brother 5140] [http://oiyaoif.ifrance.com/data/usb-7.htm usb 512 mb] [http://Love03a86.ifrance.com/ticino-vetture/ ticino vetture] [http://fffindabar.ifrance.com/blog/civilta-del/ civilta del bere] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/nem-ai/ nem ai mp3] [http://zeldaskidsi.ifrance.com/topic/pyro-maniac/ pyro maniac] [http://alexloak.ifrance.com/data/ascolta-adagio/ ascolta adagio di lara fabian] [http://moneayshaker.ifrance.com/styles/egged-english.htm egged english] [http://thebigabolich.ifrance.com/styles/mazda-palace/ mazda palace] [http://sweetpikachu.ifrance.com/lib/frigo-bosch1.htm frigo bosch kgv] [http://alexloak.ifrance.com/data/pantalone-plastica/ pantalone plastica] [http://oiyaoif.ifrance.com/data/jayz-streets.htm jayz streets is watching the movie] [http://springfied-dem.freehostia.com/html/powre-rengers.htm powre rengers] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/goggles.htm goggles] [http://xiinoa.freehostia.com/description/sbs-premium.htm sbs premium] [http://notheapy.freehostia.com/topic/geforce-gt4/ geforce 6600gt agp 256mb] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/test-sul1.htm test sul futuro] [http://cheatx.freehostia.com/alectroenas/ alectroenas] [http://shumea-mysh.freehostia.com/data/merilin-manson/ merilin manson] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/sigma-mm16.htm sigma 55200mm f45 6 dc] [http://sandy-snday.freehostia.com/description/guida-investimento.htm guida investimento] [http://imjssa.freehostia.com/samsung28.htm samsung 5100] [http://shumea-mysh.freehostia.com/data/webcam-vista/ webcam vista plus] [http://xiinoa.freehostia.com/description/merceds-ambrus.htm merceds ambrus] [http://xkob.freehostia.com/rota-nino/ rota nino] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/otello-deve.htm otello deve morire] [http://xiinoa.freehostia.com/description/makai-grand.htm makai grand prix] [http://ardbeg78a.freehostia.com/articles/volim-te/ volim te mrzim te] [http://kitty-eoured.freehostia.com/library/www-valentina1/ www valentina e antonello volere volare] [http://imjssa.freehostia.com/torino-dischi.htm torino dischi negozi] [http://ardbeg78a.freehostia.com/articles/adobe-photoshop12/ adobe photoshop cs2 9] [http://helenf.freehostia.com/blog/adagio-per/ adagio per archi] [http://rishoditiz.freehostia.com/resources/http-costantino.htm http costantino e alessandra auguri cc] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/peter-pindar.htm peter pindar] [http://kitty-eoured.freehostia.com/library/www-ya2/ www ya] [http://imjssa.freehostia.com/log-d.htm log d attivazione] [http://talindas.freehostia.com/custodia-olympus.htm custodia olympus] [http://rishoditiz.freehostia.com/resources/porto-africa.htm porto africa] [http://shumea-mysh.freehostia.com/data/arbutina/ arbutina] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/batterie-motorola7.htm batterie motorola v220] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/ragazze-col.htm ragazze col cazzo] [http://shumea-mysh.freehostia.com/data/bergamo-valencia/ bergamo valencia] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/udo-thundervision.htm udo thundervision] [http://fluttrdud.freehostia.com/web/hd-cleaner/ hd cleaner] [http://cthfht51.freehostia.com/resources/black-magic1.htm black magic woman] [http://rishoditiz.freehostia.com/resources/mp-trinit.htm mp3 trinit] [http://helenf.freehostia.com/blog/hp96/ hp 5650] [http://talindas.freehostia.com/dumaguete.htm dumaguete] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/datalogic-touch.htm datalogic touch 90 ccd] [http://cthfht51.freehostia.com/resources/epinefrina.htm epinefrina] [http://rishoditiz.freehostia.com/resources/chat-mexico.htm chat mexico] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/link-esibizionisti.htm link esibizionisti] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/renault-laguna11.htm renault laguna benzina] [http://xiinoa.freehostia.com/description/commento-e.htm commento e parafrasi de lo giglio quand] [http://ardbeg78a.freehostia.com/articles/foto-piccante/ foto piccante] [http://xkob.freehostia.com/san-giuliano1/ san giuliano terme e hifi] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/ma-che3.htm ma che bello questo amore] [http://talindas.freehostia.com/arrigoni-flli.htm arrigoni flli sas] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/set-posate.htm set posate] [http://xiinoa.freehostia.com/description/favela.htm favela] [http://rishoditiz.freehostia.com/resources/schede-video51.htm schede video gigabyte] [http://xkob.freehostia.com/janis-/ janis  the movie] [http://janyblue.freehostia.com/directory/regalo-bulldog/ regalo bulldog] [http://rishoditiz.freehostia.com/resources/suoni-e1.htm suoni e colori della natura] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/gps8.htm gps 168] [http://shumea-mysh.freehostia.com/data/ragazzini-gay/ ragazzini gay] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/amplificatori-wifi.htm amplificatori wifi] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/girls-in1.htm girls in love] [http://janyblue.freehostia.com/directory/le-fiabe1/ le fiabe walt disney] [http://janyblue.freehostia.com/directory/bruce-boxleitner/ bruce boxleitner] [http://orangeyunir.freehostia.com/yoga-video/ yoga video] [http://orangeyunir.freehostia.com/my-life3/ my life questa mia vita] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/fujifilm-4.htm fujifilm  xd picture card 1 gb] [http://shumea-mysh.freehostia.com/data/trenker/ trenker] [http://imjssa.freehostia.com/merrell-.htm merrell  sprint blast scarpa moda uomo] [http://xkob.freehostia.com/soluzione-finanziamento/ soluzione finanziamento personale] [http://talindas.freehostia.com/forumfree.htm forumfree] [http://helenf.freehostia.com/blog/hamlet-zelig8/ hamlet zelig syncbox] [http://cthfht51.freehostia.com/resources/jerry-lewis.htm jerry lewis] [http://springfied-dem.freehostia.com/html/sodimm-memoria.htm sodimm memoria ram] [http://cheatx.freehostia.com/mere-naseeb6/ mere naseeb] [http://xkob.freehostia.com/onu-nella/ onu nella pace nel mondo] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/epson-laser1.htm epson laser al2600n] [http://imjssa.freehostia.com/cartina-di7.htm cartina di trento] [http://sandy-snday.freehostia.com/description/lettore-divx30.htm lettore divx compatto] [http://fluttrdud.freehostia.com/web/the-musical1/ the musical box] [http://kitty-eoured.freehostia.com/library/stanotte-ed/ stanotte ed ogni notte] [http://orangeyunir.freehostia.com/granny-cum/ granny cum] [http://sandy-snday.freehostia.com/description/epson33.htm epson 620] [http://fluttrdud.freehostia.com/web/www-esercizi/ www esercizi in inglese] [http://cthfht51.freehostia.com/resources/la-fine5.htm la fine di troia nel racconto di enea] [http://janyblue.freehostia.com/directory/testata/ testata] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/amd-athlon83.htm amd athlon64 3200 (socket 939)] [http://cthfht51.freehostia.com/resources/acquisto-pietra.htm acquisto pietra] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/proteggi-schermo.htm proteggi schermo] [http://xkob.freehostia.com/chatcity/ chatcity] [http://helenf.freehostia.com/blog/unforgetable/ unforgetable] [http://janyblue.freehostia.com/directory/ricerca-sul3/ ricerca sul la socializzazione] [http://talindas.freehostia.com/convert-gpp.htm convert 3gpp in avi] [http://imjssa.freehostia.com/masterizzatore-dvd46.htm masterizzatore dvd samsung esterno] [http://sandy-snday.freehostia.com/description/scarpe-a.htm scarpe a punta] [http://kitty-eoured.freehostia.com/library/vittorio-monti1/ vittorio monti] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/fugga.htm fugga] [http://rishoditiza.freehostia.com/description/barbara-harris.htm barbara harris] [http://springfied-dem.freehostia.com/html/julieta-prandi.htm julieta prandi] [http://cthfht51.freehostia.com/resources/free-bigcockmovies.htm free bigcockmovies] [http://janyblue.freehostia.com/directory/acqua-di7/ acqua di muschio] [http://kitty-eoured.freehostia.com/library/varallo-sesia/ varallo sesia] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/il-giudizio1.htm il giudizio e la prassi] [http://sandy-snday.freehostia.com/description/ml-9.htm ml 270 cdi] [http://deppurplea.freehostia.com/orientamento-politico.htm orientamento politico] [http://nicolekid1.freehostia.com/web/mapo-us.htm mapo us] {{stub}}
  
 
After masking off the parts of the copper-clad board you want to keep, you need to remove the parts you don't want to keep. This is usually done by chemically etching away the copper. There are a lot of different chemical techniques for doing this, each with its own advantages and drawbacks.
 
After masking off the parts of the copper-clad board you want to keep, you need to remove the parts you don't want to keep. This is usually done by chemically etching away the copper. There are a lot of different chemical techniques for doing this, each with its own advantages and drawbacks.
Line 8: Line 8:
 
This is the most common hobbyist etchant. Ferric chloride, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, is a brownish substance. It's usually sold in a bottle (dissolved in water, perhaps with a little acid or peroxide) or as a powder (which you have to dissolve in water).
 
This is the most common hobbyist etchant. Ferric chloride, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, is a brownish substance. It's usually sold in a bottle (dissolved in water, perhaps with a little acid or peroxide) or as a powder (which you have to dissolve in water).
  
−
When in solution, ferric chloride is a ferric ion (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) and a chloride ion (Cl<sup>-</sup>). The ferric ion reacts with the metallic copper on the circuit board in a redox reaction, producing a ferrous ion (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) and cuprous or cupric (Cu<sup>1+</sup> or Cu<sup>2+</sup>) copper. The chlorine is just along for the ride. The copper ion, unlike the metallic copper, is soluble, so it leaves the circuit board and goes into solution. The reaction products form a black sludge which settles to the bottom of the etching tank. After etching enough copper, all your Fe<sup>3+</sup> is used up and your solution is full of Cu<sup>1+</sup>, and you need to get more etchant.
+
When in solution, ferric chloride is a ferric ion (Fe<sup>3 </sup>) and a chloride ion (Cl<sup>-</sup>). The ferric ion reacts with the metallic copper on the circuit board in a redox reaction, producing a ferrous ion (Fe<sup>2 </sup>) and cuprous or cupric (Cu<sup>1 </sup> or Cu<sup>2 </sup>) copper. The chlorine is just along for the ride. The copper ion, unlike the metallic copper, is soluble, so it leaves the circuit board and goes into solution. The reaction products form a black sludge which settles to the bottom of the etching tank. After etching enough copper, all your Fe<sup>3 </sup> is used up and your solution is full of Cu<sup>1 </sup>, and you need to get more etchant.
  
 
== Ammonium Persulfate ==
 
== Ammonium Persulfate ==
−
Expensive & hard to control and optimize the process parameters (such as specific gravity & pH value).
+
Expensive
−
 
 
−
== HydroChloric Acid / Hydrogen Peroxide ==
 
−
 
 
−
Mixing about 1 part HCl (Which can be found at most hardware stores, also known as Muriatic Acid. Ask for concrete cleaner.) into 2 parts Hydrogen peroxide (normally used for cleaning cuts) you can make a fairly powerful etchant. Use gloves and don't breathe the fumes though. This will etch a 3"x5" board in less than 10 minutes. No need to heat it up. I usually like to drill a small hole through the board on a corner and thread a wire or nylon string through to help agitate / remove the board.
 
−
 
 
−
When the board is done etching, the etchant will probably look like green kool-aid, from the copper content in it. This stuff is highly corrosive and will burn skin, which is why you should wear gloves. But it is easy to handle, and fairly easy to dispose of. the etchant is easily deactivated with baking soda. Pour enough baking soda into it slowly (to keep it from boiling and overflowing... remember what happens with baking soda/vinegar? ya...) until it is a solid mass, then leave it in the sun to dry. You should contact your local authorities to find out what you should do with it next. Whatever you do, DO NOT dump the stuff down the drain, it will eat through your pipes just like any of the other etchants.
 
−
 
 
−
== Sodium Persulfate ==
 
−
More environmentally friendly than ferric chloride.  Can monitor the etching as initially clear new etchant solution turns blue from the copper ions.
 
−
 
 
−
== Acid Cupric Chloride ==
 
−
Dead simple etchant made from ordinary, store-bought chemicals (hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide). Has the advantage that it can be regenerated by bubbling oxygen/air through it, or by adding more H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. In addition, it doesn't get used up: the etchant bath simply grows with use (kind of like sourdough starter…)
 
−
The used etchant also makes a great algecide/pH reducer for your pool (and a whole lot cheaper than that stuff they sell at the pool store).
 
−
 
 
−
What you need:
 
−
* 38% Hydrochloric Acid, HCl (available at finer hardware stores or pool supply stores as Muriatic Acid)
 
−
* 3% Hydrogen Peroxide, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (available from any drug store)
 
−
* Plastic or Glass Pans, Jars, and tongs (no metal)
 
−
Directions:
 
−
 
 
−
# Mix your HCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> 1:1 in a non-metalic container, making sure to add the acid slowly to the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. DO NOT ADD THE H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> TO THE ACID!!!
 
−
# After you've masked your board, dip it in the solution and constantly agitate. You should notice a dark green cloud start to come from the board almost immedately which quickly dissapears or turns lighter as it gets further from the surface of the board.
 
−
# Etching should take about 10min depending on the temperature and how well you agitated the etchant. When all of the copper is gone, dip in water to wash off any stray etchant and stop the reaction.
 
−
# When done etching, save used etchant in a non-metalic container and mark clearly its contents.
 
−
# If your etchant has become a dark, murky green color, add a little bit of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> or bubble air/O<sub>2</sub> through the solution to regenerate it back to a light, transparent green color.
 
−
See links at bottom for more information on the chemistry and some pictures of the process.
 
−
 
 
−
== Disposal procedures ==
 
−
Flushing used etchant down the drain is a bad idea (and usually illegal) because copper ion is toxic. The usual recommended way to dispose of hobbyist amounts of etchant is to convert it to a solid somehow and dispose of the solid in the trash.
 
−
* [http://www.kepro.com/fmc4.htm Kepro Circuit Systems] Removal of Copper and Persulfate from Spent Sodium Persulfate Etchant by Precipitation
 
−
 
 
−
== External Links ==
 
−
* [http://www.k9spud.com/wiki/PCB:Etchants Ferric Chloride vs. Ammonium Persulfate] and other etching chemicals.
 
−
* [http://members.optusnet.com.au/~eseychell/PCB/etching_CuCl/index.html Etching with Air Regenerated Acid Cupric Chloride] — an excellent in-depth page on acid cupric chloride etching by Adam Seychell.
 
−
* [http://esmonde-white.com/etching_pcb.html Etching a Copper PCB with HCl and H2O2]
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Techniques]]
 

Revision as of 10:38, 5 October 2007

maureen ohara in tuttti i miei giorni barry braga federica villani sulle orme di bruce lee hoops cristiano ronaldo mercedes ml 55 fiat bravo 1 2 un trailer e un sito pieni di fear qatar airline poesie e frasi di pablo neruda troie orientali outlive intwine mp3 lettori sd la canalis la morte scorre sul fiume pedro ypt7z 1gb jon cena crediveneto el ma aero disney com onore di fantino puffa testo spagnolo gps bluetooth tom epson cx multifunzione finanziamento pontedera civitavecchia annunci philips lettore combi dvd vcr hifi tato pe canta player dvd bahco sexpatatina decor gesso video sharon stone albergo riviera adriatica mercedes ml320 cover dvd ps2 scopa elettrica aeg decapitazione in video acd system diazometano battiti lenti de cuore da 10 anni guerra navale robotti sas biglietto di augurio compleanno da stampare fly girls file seca the sum of all fears grose francis tunnig produzione materie pla ljubav il prigioniero di me stesso la droga capello moda kvm switch 4 porte usb shell plextor px716uf vida tv tv lcd hd ready sony left alone scaloppine don mclean ringtones v60i engish programma musica siempre te amare whitney houston mazda 6 km0 i always get what i want avril lavigne teen ashley gallery alkaid grop circle campeggio holiday a porto sant elpidio lettore dvd player hitachi da tavolo stampo per ravioli gioco gratis scaricare computer katy rose overdrive siemens gigaset dect hotel canaletto venezia ottima agriturismo vittorio veneto beales medio stampanti brother 5140 usb 512 mb ticino vetture civilta del bere nem ai mp3 pyro maniac ascolta adagio di lara fabian egged english mazda palace frigo bosch kgv pantalone plastica jayz streets is watching the movie powre rengers goggles sbs premium geforce 6600gt agp 256mb test sul futuro alectroenas merilin manson sigma 55200mm f45 6 dc guida investimento samsung 5100 webcam vista plus merceds ambrus rota nino otello deve morire makai grand prix volim te mrzim te www valentina e antonello volere volare torino dischi negozi adobe photoshop cs2 9 adagio per archi http costantino e alessandra auguri cc peter pindar www ya log d attivazione custodia olympus porto africa arbutina batterie motorola v220 ragazze col cazzo bergamo valencia udo thundervision hd cleaner black magic woman mp3 trinit hp 5650 dumaguete datalogic touch 90 ccd epinefrina chat mexico link esibizionisti renault laguna benzina commento e parafrasi de lo giglio quand foto piccante san giuliano terme e hifi ma che bello questo amore arrigoni flli sas set posate favela schede video gigabyte janis the movie regalo bulldog suoni e colori della natura gps 168 ragazzini gay amplificatori wifi girls in love le fiabe walt disney bruce boxleitner yoga video my life questa mia vita fujifilm xd picture card 1 gb trenker merrell sprint blast scarpa moda uomo soluzione finanziamento personale forumfree hamlet zelig syncbox jerry lewis sodimm memoria ram mere naseeb onu nella pace nel mondo epson laser al2600n cartina di trento lettore divx compatto the musical box stanotte ed ogni notte granny cum epson 620 www esercizi in inglese la fine di troia nel racconto di enea testata amd athlon64 3200 (socket 939) acquisto pietra proteggi schermo chatcity unforgetable ricerca sul la socializzazione convert 3gpp in avi masterizzatore dvd samsung esterno scarpe a punta vittorio monti fugga barbara harris julieta prandi free bigcockmovies acqua di muschio varallo sesia il giudizio e la prassi ml 270 cdi orientamento politico mapo us

Dang symbol.pngThis article is a stub. You can help Open Circuits by expanding it.

After masking off the parts of the copper-clad board you want to keep, you need to remove the parts you don't want to keep. This is usually done by chemically etching away the copper. There are a lot of different chemical techniques for doing this, each with its own advantages and drawbacks.

None of these chemicals is incredibly dangerous, but they can all be toxic or caustic, and should be treated with care. Eye protection and gloves are a very good idea. Before you start, make sure you know how dangerous each chemical is, and figure out what you will need to do if you spill it or get it on yourself. Washing with plenty of water is usually a good start. For some chemicals you may want to keep a neutralizing agent handy. An MSDS (Materials Safety Data Sheet) for the chemical will give you some basic information.

Ferric Chloride

This is the most common hobbyist etchant. Ferric chloride, FeCl3, is a brownish substance. It's usually sold in a bottle (dissolved in water, perhaps with a little acid or peroxide) or as a powder (which you have to dissolve in water).

When in solution, ferric chloride is a ferric ion (Fe3 ) and a chloride ion (Cl-). The ferric ion reacts with the metallic copper on the circuit board in a redox reaction, producing a ferrous ion (Fe2 ) and cuprous or cupric (Cu1 or Cu2 ) copper. The chlorine is just along for the ride. The copper ion, unlike the metallic copper, is soluble, so it leaves the circuit board and goes into solution. The reaction products form a black sludge which settles to the bottom of the etching tank. After etching enough copper, all your Fe3 is used up and your solution is full of Cu1 , and you need to get more etchant.

Ammonium Persulfate

Expensive

Retrieved from "http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Chemical_Etchants&oldid=9320"