|
|
(19 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
− | [http://deadmansjacket.co.uk/gallery_images/thumbs/ahhjsj.html neuropathy treatment] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/ndanpt.html blood] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/dxigep.html marketing ideas] [http://staticchain.com/banner/123x110/bdpeci.html bathroom exhaust fans] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/vfijvd.html cute backgrounds] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/hvcvja.html solid wood baby furniture] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/dmnjio.html pamela] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/qebabb.html bad buy car credit] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/nvxcge.html vin number] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/biagwc.html tyler hoechlin] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/cfjqon.html ponchos] [http://reverejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/images/pmghwq.html best cleaner market vacuum] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/ginosw.html body building] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/idoihk.html tanzanite rings] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/jenfmn.html folding tables] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/uwwsgr.html palace resorts] [http://maslov.com/new_releases/cache/hnwwbh.html aolchat rooms] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/nfvvxk.html home phone service] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/mdrxbu.html rare stamps] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/lcsowm.html thyroid symptoms] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/deqvdq.html flight jacket] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/aakjcm.html newborn constipation] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/uiuwug.html dentist prices] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/qjtxcd.html car financing] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/sfjkgn.html pregnancy] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/kgqsaj.html circular saw table] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/pjmeeq.html dentists oakland california] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/qgxikr.html hydroxyzine] [http://sbcoachescollege.com/bulletin/images/avatars/new/runojb.html amateur live cam] [http://staticchain.com/banner/123x110/htnrfj.html yorktowne cabinets] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/oxfijm.html payday] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/tfevuu.html clip free porn] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/qagnuc.html start work at home business] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/opwjnl.html download songs] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/qhaphq.html cheap broadway tickets] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/dgwpin.html odeon cinema] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/ualevx.html gallbladder surgery] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/turgka.html hawaii beach wallpaper] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/icaiul.html nj lottery result] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/gcnesn.html huge dildo] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/gluhdo.html discount runner rugs] [http://www.athomewithmark.com/images/properties/thumb/fiebaf.html free webcam] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/tnxiok.html classic mustang] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/jkqtxr.html vietnam] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/ealfrb.html free legal forms online] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/lkovob.html valance] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/bmrioe.html comprar vivienda madrid] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/dxswut.html fetish] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/iphies.html bit torrent] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/ammcnx.html prednisolone] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/xrrfvd.html ben gurion airport israel] [http://deadmansjacket.co.uk/gallery_images/thumbs/ujmlqp.html metabolismo] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/gmriql.html pokerstars cheats] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/rdwtru.html avon products] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/tdkmex.html bcbs] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/vvjdmd.html cheap plane tickets] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/pufkxt.html shyla stylez] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/ntldpd.html ryanair cheap flights] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/dlhbix.html cataflam] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/jweetn.html nylon fetish] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/vthewn.html car vin number check] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/eodnie.html film] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/vvtggc.html universal remote] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/rqwqcm.html how to remove oil stain from concrete] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/ttqrwc.html camper shells] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/mvrdto.html wallpaper paintball] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/kddqtp.html eyeglass chains] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/akvtgo.html battle vixens videos] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/wvxfno.html john deere crib baby bedding] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/cgagmb.html beach picture] [http://maslov.com/new_releases/cache/ocuexj.html lily bouquet] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/bnlijj.html scout golf ball finder] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/utxier.html winamp free download] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/psxtuw.html callaway golf center lasvegas] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/gmqnjd.html blueberries health] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/ecnale.html milf amateurs] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/tfskkg.html tickets to concert] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/nhdmis.html freecreditreport] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/hwvowi.html buy tramadol] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/hhxhpk.html cheap air fare] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/whceci.html continental airline tickets] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/sfunrf.html afi tattoos] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/lgdtpv.html dart throwing] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/sbeawf.html anime swimsuit] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/sbajpu.html yahoo stock] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/wqnrxu.html local weather] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/luhsut.html katydids candy] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/lqedda.html lifestyler treadmill] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/smhvkw.html black] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/mthfxx.html voyeurs] [http://www.partnerwithsap.com/de/images/banners/aoplwm.html gay anime] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/potwjq.html swingers sex] [http://www.bidondates.com/pics/albums/102806/CIMG1414/eeibso.html czech glass pearls] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/kxrumw.html powerball lottery] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/vwjvvg.html small dog] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/guqhat.html telephone white page] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/viqtdm.html teen pussy] [http://www.bassboatmagazine.com/linkmachine/templates/lm_images/thumb/jdklkq.html wet] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/elhxal.html erotic] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/mcxxnl.html free porno movie clips] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/wvmpjr.html tankless water heaters] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/vlbjxx.html data entry work from home] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/cseook.html listing phone reverse] [http://deadmansjacket.co.uk/gallery_images/thumbs/uassks.html free adult videos] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/hhmlmb.html last minute airfare] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/aouexd.html metformin diabetes] [http://woodcrafts-online.com/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/thmbs/aukedw.html free stewardess diet] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/hmuihr.html nude pictures] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/kxjoax.html bar girl] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/qkdtcw.html nike shoe] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/tnimsg.html above the ground swimming pools] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/evettv.html name your own price airline ticket] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/bbctbs.html terazosin] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/foelqe.html reality porn] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/khbwqo.html dora halloween costume] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/vvrmhs.html trading commodities] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/dkbddu.html education financing] [http://www.hardenassociates.com/shands-santa/albums/image/hbgqcj.html caroline rhea] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/gttkkl.html free realtones] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/sbpdal.html cellular lg phone] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/vjeqkf.html cadillac] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/enwrcf.html famous male models] [http://wirelessilliana.com/sullivanpack341/gallery341/g2data/image/ncdpbv.html heather deepthroat] [http://reportchildporn.com/rcp/themes/phpkaox/cache/jgfmjv.html india sex galleries] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/hggtjc.html condor airlines] [http://deadmansjacket.co.uk/gallery_images/thumbs/girdgx.html serial paintshoppro 11] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/ffvrbu.html lcd tv] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/ljovta.html free us cellular ringtones] [http://www.swiic.com/swi/images/banners/128x250/esjiqp.html hillsong] [http://maslov.com/new_releases/cache/ctevjm.html nina] [http://interserverhost.com/gallery/albums/userpics/avatars/xlkdvj.html gift lingerie sexy] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/rqpdpm.html rogers ringtones] [http://npgsupport.com/chat/chat/localization/icelandic/cache/eahsvs.html monstercock] [http://bostoncentury.com/old/coppermine/albums/userpics/10001/thumb/dpfkpv.html spirit airline] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/mbsbek.html horse racing] [http://michaelboyle.biz/joomla/templates/limbocms/limbocms/images/pics/tenphx.html indiana foreclosed home] [http://jaxrotaract.org/galainfo/images/avatars/pics/thbjvg.html remote control ceiling fan] [http://borrington.org/videos/move/fpourn.html alaskan airlines] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/cpsbeg.html bridal bouquets fresh flower] [http://marylandcomputerguy.net/nails/image/bvrqqk.html lg gsa 5163d] [http://adrianwindridge.co.uk/propertyimages/thumbs/gif/rmvsmt.html wholesale silk flower bouquets] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/widurm.html volvo v40] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/smwmlt.html pussycat dolls beep] [http://c21redwood.com/images/properties/thumbs/hknfuw.html how do i get a copy of my credit report] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/mauija.html cumfacials] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/hnqlgc.html dish network] [http://www.usedboatdealer.com/boats/images/banners/gif/mxpphf.html jc penny] [http://www.christianspeaker.net/catalog/images/icon/peupkp.html lcd monitor] [http://shopwhat.com/photo/image/dwsrdt.html porn pictures] [http://www.jericogt.com/design/schema/images/news/thumb/1/ojwpol.html airtran] An op amp ("operational amplifier") is ...
| + | An op amp ("operational amplifier") is a very high gain voltage amplifier ( the normal type ) usually with differential input, and response from DC to 1 Meg Hz or more. Mostly used with negative feedback so that the characteristics of the circuit is determined by the mostly passive components in the feedback circuit. One of the most useful analog components in the frequency range where they work. |
| | | |
| Great for amplifying weak signals from sensors to a more useful level. Also used in filters, integrators, etc. | | Great for amplifying weak signals from sensors to a more useful level. Also used in filters, integrators, etc. |
| | | |
− | == quick summary == | + | == Quick Summary == |
| | | |
| * Many sensors need an amplifier to "buffer" their output signal. Often a single op amp is adequate. For very weak signals, you may want a "difference amplifier" or "instrumentation amplifier". | | * Many sensors need an amplifier to "buffer" their output signal. Often a single op amp is adequate. For very weak signals, you may want a "difference amplifier" or "instrumentation amplifier". |
Line 10: |
Line 10: |
| * If you want to drive heavy loads (big speakers, big antennas, electric motors, etc.), too heavy for typical op amps to drive, use op amps to amplify the signal to the desired voltage, followed by power transistors to drive the load [Veselinovic]. | | * If you want to drive heavy loads (big speakers, big antennas, electric motors, etc.), too heavy for typical op amps to drive, use op amps to amplify the signal to the desired voltage, followed by power transistors to drive the load [Veselinovic]. |
| | | |
− | == details == | + | == Details == |
| | | |
| [[Suppliers]] such as Jameco, Digikey, and Newark each have pages and pages of fine print listing hundreds of op-amps, from "low-cost" quad op amps for under $0.40 each to "hi speed precision" op amps for well over $10 each. | | [[Suppliers]] such as Jameco, Digikey, and Newark each have pages and pages of fine print listing hundreds of op-amps, from "low-cost" quad op amps for under $0.40 each to "hi speed precision" op amps for well over $10 each. |
Line 17: |
Line 17: |
| | | |
| "But in reality, there are only two important specifications that you should initially consider when selecting an op amp for your active, low-pass filter. ... Gain Bandwidth Product and Slew Rate." [Baker 2003] | | "But in reality, there are only two important specifications that you should initially consider when selecting an op amp for your active, low-pass filter. ... Gain Bandwidth Product and Slew Rate." [Baker 2003] |
| + | |
| + | === Some General Links === |
| + | |
| + | * [http://web.mit.edu/klund/www/books/op2e.html Operational Amplifiers: Theory and Practice, Second Edition] -- Good free text book on op amps from mit |
| + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier Operational amplifier From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( inc. Schematic and Picture )] |
| + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications Operational amplifier applications From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia} |
| + | * [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Operational amplifier] |
| + | * [[LT1168|LT1168 Programmable-Gain Precision Instrumentation Amplifier]] - Low Power, Single Resistor Gain Programmable, Precision Instrumentation Amplifier |
| + | * [[LT1114|LT1114 Low Power Precision OP-Amps]] are used for amplification and filtering of the signal - Dual/Quad Low Power Precision, Picoamp Input Op Amps |
| + | * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Electronics/Op-Amps Wikibooks:Op-Amps] has a "quick design process" using Daisy's theorem: ''"The sum of the gains = +1 in a properly-designed op amp circuit."'' |
| + | * [http://ciphersbyritter.com/RADELECT/PREOPAMP/OPAMPDSN.HTM "Some Op Amp Audio Design Issues"] by Terry Ritter |
| + | * [http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slod006b/slod006b.pdf "Op Amps for Everyone" ] Great free book that describes a large number of Op-Amp circuits including single rail variation. A pay version is available at Amazon. I don't know what the differences are between the two versions. |
| | | |
| === designing the circuit around the op amp === | | === designing the circuit around the op amp === |
Line 23: |
Line 35: |
| | | |
| * [http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/738 "APPLICATION NOTE 738: Minimizing Component-Variation Sensitivity in Single Op Amp Filters"] | | * [http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/738 "APPLICATION NOTE 738: Minimizing Component-Variation Sensitivity in Single Op Amp Filters"] |
| + | |
| + | === CookBook of Circuits ( links ) === |
| + | |
| + | [[OpAmp Links]] |
| | | |
| === selecting the appropriate op amp out of the hundreds (thousands?) available === | | === selecting the appropriate op amp out of the hundreds (thousands?) available === |
Line 31: |
Line 47: |
| | | |
| * [http://www.epanorama.net/links/components.html Basic electronics components list] lists 10 of the most common op-amps. | | * [http://www.epanorama.net/links/components.html Basic electronics components list] lists 10 of the most common op-amps. |
− |
| |
− | * [http://zero-distortion.com/tests/tweaking.htm "Tweaking" by Dejan V. Veselinovic]
| |
| | | |
| * [http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175400254 "How to choose the right bipolar op amp"] by J. Scott Elder 2005-12-23 | | * [http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175400254 "How to choose the right bipolar op amp"] by J. Scott Elder 2005-12-23 |
An op amp ("operational amplifier") is a very high gain voltage amplifier ( the normal type ) usually with differential input, and response from DC to 1 Meg Hz or more. Mostly used with negative feedback so that the characteristics of the circuit is determined by the mostly passive components in the feedback circuit. One of the most useful analog components in the frequency range where they work.
Great for amplifying weak signals from sensors to a more useful level. Also used in filters, integrators, etc.
Quick Summary[edit]
- Many sensors need an amplifier to "buffer" their output signal. Often a single op amp is adequate. For very weak signals, you may want a "difference amplifier" or "instrumentation amplifier".
- All ADCs need an anti-aliasing filter on their input. Often a single op amp, 2 caps and 4 resistors is adequate.
- If you want to hear a signal, use a LM386N-3 (under $1) to amplify it enough to drive a small speaker.
- If you want to drive heavy loads (big speakers, big antennas, electric motors, etc.), too heavy for typical op amps to drive, use op amps to amplify the signal to the desired voltage, followed by power transistors to drive the load [Veselinovic].
Details[edit]
Suppliers such as Jameco, Digikey, and Newark each have pages and pages of fine print listing hundreds of op-amps, from "low-cost" quad op amps for under $0.40 each to "hi speed precision" op amps for well over $10 each.
That doesn't include more complex devices (such as voltage regulators and RS-485 transcievers ) that combine op amps and other components on a single IC.
Each one of those op amps has a data sheet several pages long packed with lots of details, which you can freely download from the manufacturer's web site.
"But in reality, there are only two important specifications that you should initially consider when selecting an op amp for your active, low-pass filter. ... Gain Bandwidth Product and Slew Rate." [Baker 2003]
Some General Links[edit]
designing the circuit around the op amp[edit]
CookBook of Circuits ( links )[edit]
OpAmp Links
selecting the appropriate op amp out of the hundreds (thousands?) available[edit]