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2007-09-06T22:24:50Z

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Oscillator

2007-09-06T17:52:44Z

69.147.76.101:

The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.

Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a crystal made of silicon, sealed in a metal can.
(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "resonator" or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator".
(An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator".
An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

One can buy an "oscillator" in a metal can. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

Other times one buys just the crystal in a (2-pin) metal can and attaches the other components to build an oscillator.

In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the metal can.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar)
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).
CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

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WikiNode

2007-09-06T17:02:27Z

69.147.76.101:

Welcome to Open Circuits.
Open Circuits is a wiki for sharing electronics knowledge, schematics, board layouts, and parts libraries.

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== wiki-nodes of neighboring wiki ==

open hardware cell phone wiki:

* [http://opencellphone.org/ TuxPhone wiki at http://opencellphone.org/]
* [http://hbmobile.org/wiki/ Homebrew Mobile Phone Club wiki at http://hbmobile.org/wiki/]
* [http://widgetry.org/dokuwiki/ OpenCell wiki at http://widgetry.org/dokuwiki/]
* [http://wiki.openmoko.org/ OpenMoko wiki at http://wiki.openmoko.org/] discusses open hardware cell phone you can buy now.
* [http://iphone.fiveforty.net/wiki/ wiki for open-source software for a popular (but proprietary hardware) phone]

other related wiki:

:For open source software (or open source in general) visit the [http://opensource.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Open Source Wikia].

* [http://openservo.com/ OpenServo wiki] -- developing a digital servo motor that accepts "Go to position X" commands and also more complex curves, and returns actual servo position, speed, voltage and power consumption.
* [http://electronicschat.org/ the Electronics Chat wiki]
* [http://hcvl.hci.iastate.edu/cgi-bin/openEyeswiki/index.cgi the openEyes wiki] discusses an open-source open-hardware toolkit for low-cost real-time eye tracking.
* [http://wiki.asiaquake.org/openeeg/published/WikiNode the OpenEEG wiki] discusses building an OpenEEG, safe ways to attach it to your head, and software for it.
* [http://communitywiki.org/odd/ComputerComponent/WikiNode Computer Component wiki] "for computer and electronics enthusiasts to learn and contribute to an online database of computer hardware and electronics with an emphasis on how-to guides."

* [http://nslu2-linux.org/ the NSLU2-Linux development group] seems to do a lot of wiring and soldering. ''needs wiki-node''
* [http://wikidevices.org/ Wiki Devices] "a highly organized repository for objective information, as well as opinions on consumer electronics."
* [http://wikiindex.com/Build_Your_Own_Arcade the Build Your Own Arcade controls wiki]
* [http://www-robotics.usc.edu/~dshell/roboticswiki/ Robotics wiki] ''(offline as of 2007-07-07)''
* [http://geda.seul.org/wiki/ the gEDA wiki] discusses "the gEDA project" -- developing a full GPL‘d suite of Electronic Design Automation tools (electrical circuit design, schematic capture, simulation, prototyping, and printed circuit board (PCB) layout.
* microcontroller wiki:
** [http://gainer.cc/wiki/ the Gainer wiki] discusses the Cypress PSoC microcontroller
** [http://avrwiki.com/ the Atmel AVR wiki] discusses the Atmel AVR series of microcontrollers
** [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/piclist/ the PICList at the massmind] and [http://oase.uci.kun.nl/~mientki/wikifarm/stef/index.php PiciWiki] discusses the Microchip PIC series of microcontrollers
** [http://www.open-research.org.uk/ARMuC/ the ARM microcontroller wiki]
** [http://gnusim8085.sourceforge.net/ the GNUSim8085 wiki] for the Intel 8085 microprocessor
** [http://nioswiki.jot.com/ Nios community wiki] discusses the Nios II processor, and how to implement it on a FPGA
** [http://jopdesign.com/wiki/index.php the JOP wiki discusses the Java Optimized Processor, a simple and small Java processor optimized to execute Java bytecode, implemented in a low cost FPGA]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems the Embedded Systems wikibook]
* [http://sensorwiki.org/ the sensor wiki]
* [http://linuxtv.org/wiki/ the LinuxTV wiki] occasionally has some chip-level information, such as the [http://linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/I2c_Protocol I2C protocol] and [http://linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/BT878 sampling analog data at 16 bits and 448000 Samples per second with a BT878 chip]
* [http://howto.wikia.com/wiki/WikiNode WikiHowto] occasionally has electronic projects such as [http://howto.wikia.com/wiki/Howto_build_an_ultra_low_power_clock_with_a_large_period WikiHowto: Howto build an ultra low power clock with a large period]
* [http://wiki.duskglow.com/ The Open Graphics Project (OGP) is developing graphics cards with fully published specs and open source drivers.] Since the first version will be a FPGA, is also collecting information on FPGA programming and interfacing.
* [http://elinux.org/ the embedded Linux wiki] has information on running Linux on several small ARM-based embedded systems. Also TexasInstruments OMAP processors.
* [http://wikihost.org/wikis/openhardware/ the Open Hardware wiki] has electronics projects of various levels of complexity; the most complicated appears to be "KAD", a FPGA on a PCI card designed for reconfigurable computing.
* [http://pminmo.com/wiki/ the PMinMO.com wiki] describes an open-source CNC machine -- software, electronics, motors, hardware, etc. -- and related information, such as [http://pminmo.com/wiki/index.php?title=CNC_PCB_Milling CNC PCB milling]. ''needs WikiNode''
* [http://linuxrobots.org/wiki/WikiNode Linux Robots] -- robots that run Linux
* [http://protel-users.org/ Protel users wiki], for people who design and draw schematics and circuit boards with Protel.
* [http://elinux.org/wiki/ embedded Linux wiki] ''needs wikinode''
* [http://vems.hu/wiki/ VEMS wiki] has some interesting electronics projects. In particular, the [http://www.vems.hu/wiki/index.php?page=GoBox GoBox project] to tune automobile engines to minimize the amount of fuel used. ''needs wikinode''
* [http://wiki.twibright.com/ a wiki for RONJA] (Reasonable Optical Near Joint Access) Free Space Optics device[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RONJA]. ("free technology" is the same as "open hardware", right?)
* various small CPU modules that have their own wiki (see also [[ARMUS Embedded Linux Board]] )
** [http://balloonboard.org/balloonwiki/WikiNode Balloonboard Wiki] for the Balloon Project. They have developed a small single-board computer that can run Linux. Also discusses "The Balloon Open Hardware License (BOHL) ... The license is intended as a general purpose open hardware license".
** [http://docwiki.gumstix.org/ gumstix wiki] : "[http://docwiki.gumstix.org/Schematics Schematics and layouts for all gumstix expansion boards] are available under a Creative Commons license." ''needs wikinode''
** [http://virtualcogs.com/wiki/ Virtual Cogs wiki] describes a CPU board that uses a stacking connector system.
* [http://openjtag.net/ the OpenJTAG wiki] ( http://openjtag.net/ )
* [http://reprap.org/bin/view/Main/WebHome the RepRap wiki] discusses the RepRap project to build a "Replicating Rapid-prototyper", a self-copying 3D printer. "Complete open-source instructions and plans are published on this website for zero cost and available to everyone so, if you want to make one yourself, you can."
* [http://analogwiki.com/ the Analog wiki] "The Wiki for Design & Verification Engineers by Design & Verification Engineers."
* [http://editthis.info/JMRI JMRI wiki ( http://editthis.info/JMRI )] The JMRI project is building tools for model railroad computer control.
* [http://dccwiki.com/ the DCC wiki ( http://dccwiki.com/ )] ("Digital Command Control") discusses computer-controlled model railroads.
* [http://hardwarebook.info/ the Hardware Book. Internet's largest free collection of connector pinouts and cable descriptions.] ''needs WikiNode''
* [https://isl.ncsa.uiuc.edu/twiki/bin/view/OpenFPGA the OpenFPGA wiki] ''needs WikiNode''
* [https://devel.goto10.org/packets/wiki/CATkit the CATkit wiki: CATkit is an open hardware project] designed as a standalone interactive Forth computer for audio sound artists. (Based on Microchip PIC 18F).

----

Please add closely-related wiki. Keep the 7 or so of the most-closely-related wiki.
Move less-relevant wiki to WikiIndex.

''Are any of the wiki listed at http://www.communitywiki.org/odd/SoftwareBazaar/MicrocontrollerProgramming relevant enough to list here?''

OpenCircuits - User contributions [en]

TRAXMOD

Molex

Oscillator

WikiNode