OpenCircuits - User contributions [en]

Talk:Atomic microscope

2007-12-06T05:53:59Z

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Fermenter Controller

2007-12-06T05:15:36Z

216.58.96.135:

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rentals] [http://www.schmittziesart.de/gbook2/fonts/image/eqgdpp.html phentermine without a prescription in florida] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/pichog.html national weather service in tulsa] [http://cosmickaos.com/kaosguestbook/backups/cache/vrahap.html dj sammy heaven 911 video] [http://sacapuntos.com/avatars-local/0/images/fhgcvw.html hinder lips of an angel] [http://www.anime-extreme.net/images/avatar/smiles/etludb.html ge appliances] [http://f-ccc-zion.com/ExtCalendar/include/image/qndrnp.html lezbian] [http://dreadneck.com/gallery3/upgrade/image/gjwclt.html free texas holdem] [http://socks-manufacturers.com/about/image/smqsdf.html air asia ticket] [http://flyingaggies.org/gallery/albums/oops/photo/cduqud.html wood fence] [http://testmeter.co.uk/sitemap/data/image/igrmke.html chlamydia photo] ===Project Scope===
Description: My [[http://mec-symonds.eng.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Saqqara/Md420 Md420]] fermenter controller belongs to the [[http://mec-symonds.eng.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Saqqara/PyPicn PyPicn]] family of projects. 
The PIC 18F252 microcontroller unit controls a refrigeration assisted cooling system and heaters to maintain the fermentation cabinet temperature. External, internal and vessel temperatures are measured and logged. The temperatures where I live vary greatly and as the cabinet is an old gutted fridge sitting outside it its exposed to the elements and therefore requires a decent heating/cooling setup. 
The cabinets air can be circulated using a fan driven exhaust system. This prevents gas build up, stops temperature layers forming and can be used to aid the heating/cooling system by comparing the set point with outside temperature. Fermentation is exothermic, especially so when your fermenting substances other than beer ;) Sucking in the cool night air is a very good, non power hungry, way of cooling. 
The (GTK)gui and software is written in python and works on windows and Linux alike. It talks to the PC's serial port using TCP sockets thus allowing multiple connections to the one device.
* For example. One python script is used to collect data, temperatures etc and log/ display graphs.
** A second script simultaneously requests data and can re configure if required the control features.
** A third can collect data for a web page. etc etc
* some [[http://mec-symonds.eng.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Saqqara/PicViewSnaps screenshots]] which reminds me they need updating.
* Its by no means a simple solution.
Remote access to the data and control aspects can of course be reached thru an ssh tunnel via the internet.
----

==Extension==
*The [[http://mec-symonds.eng.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Saqqara/PyPicn PyPicn]]system can and is used to control all manner of Home automation and other devices across the web or locally. Various "black boxes" like the fermentation [[http://mec-symonds.eng.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Saqqara/Md420 Md420]] collect and control various devices.
*** Its an extension of a work related project
----

===Online Demo===
You can visit the web page of a similar project.
* [[http://mec-symonds.eng.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Saqqara/RoomMonitor Room Monitor]]

[[Category:Projects]]

Relays

2007-12-05T19:45:54Z

216.58.96.135:

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|-
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[[Image:Main-G5Q-14.jpg|Relay]]
|}
Description: A PIC can't source more than 25mA, so how do I turn on/off a light bulb? With a relay!

Relays are those large black boxes that go 'click'. There is a coil inside. When current flows through the coil a magnetic field causes the the internal paddle to move postions. This paddle usually carrys large currents or large voltages.

Most relays have various ratings. We'll start with the coil voltage. '12VDC' for example means that the control coil requires 12V DC for the unit to switch the paddle. The other rating you'll see is '10A'. This refers to the amount of current you can run through the control paddle contact (''not'' the current through the coil). So a 10A relay can handle a load of up to 10A- less than 10A is no problem. What happens if you try to run more current than the max? Well, it will probably work, but at higher currents the internal sparking will tend to burn the contacts. The paddle can potentially spot-weld itself to the contacts in extreme cases.

There are sealed and vented relays. Vented relays tend to run a bit cooler, but are more suceptible to gunk getting into the moving parts.

There are many configurations based on the circuit you need to control. DPDT (double pull double throw), SPDT (single pull double throw) are two of the most common. View the equivalent circuits in the mfg's datasheets to get an idea of how they work.

Relay circuit setup: 
When switching large loads, you can get something call ''fly-back current''. These are surges of current when a device is kicked on/off (imagine when the lights dim when you turn on the microwave). Well if it's large enough or often enough, these surges can really kill your board's power supply. The fly

[[Image:Relay-Example.jpg|Example Relay Circuit]]

Many microcontrollers cannot source enough current to feed the control coil. So Q1 is any old BJT (2N3904 is a good one) to turn on/off the relay. The diode 1N4148 (simple, cheap, can handle ~200mA current) is there to supress any fly-back current from entering the main power supply. Be sure to watch how you polarize your diode.

Documents: 

Footprints: 
[[SFE_Footprint_Library|SFE Footprint Library]]

There are various footprints available. Always be sure to do a 1:1 printout of your board and matchup the physical relay to the printout before PCB fab. Sometime the manufacturers list recommended footprints from the bottom view which can lead to mirrored and incorrect FPs.

Manufacturer Info: 

Supplier Info: 
Digikey part # : G5Q-1-DC12 
Single Piece Price : $2.25

Related Items: 

[[Category:Components]]

Wirewrap

2007-12-05T19:00:18Z

216.58.96.135:

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straddle] [http://eqia.com/bank/image/klluut.html test drives] Wire-wrapping is a method of wiring through-hole components together on a board.
It is usually used only for prototyping.

A manual wire-wrap tool is cylindrical with one large on-axis hole (for the pin to be connected) and an off-axis hole (for the wire - usually 30 gauge).
Rotating this tool leaves a tightly-wound helix of wire on the pin.
There are also powered tools with motors that work the same way.

Wirewrap is one of several circuit construction [[techniques]].

[[Category:Techniques]]

Oscillator

2007-12-05T03:20:53Z

216.58.96.135:

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[http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/ucopae.html desktop themes] [http://meretusa.com/links/cache/afrupr.html letter designs] [http://www.athomewithmark.com/images/properties/thumb/pklbjs.html air fares] [http://aoreport.com/mag/images/stories/News05-06/5-22-06/image/jmjeil.html medieval costumes] [http://www.boatnbabes.com/babes/modules/xcgal/albums/userpics/10001/thumbs/xwaxrl.html what is naproxen] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.

Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device.
(An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator".
An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, an resitor and an inverter.
In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar)
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).
CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

== for further reading ==

* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/clocks.htm massmind: clocks]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator Wikipedia: crystal oscillator]
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE